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Ch 8 Photosynthesis
n/a
35
Biology
Undergraduate 1
10/11/2010

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Term
Thylakoid membrane
Definition
internal membrane, Contains chlorophyll and other pigments, Pigments clustered into photosystem units, starting point of photosynthesis
Term
Grana
Definition
stacks of flattened sacs of thylakoid membrane
Term
Stroma lamella
Definition
connect grana
Term
Stroma
Definition
semiliquid fluid surrounding thylakoid membranes – site of carbon fixation; also contains enzymes that catalyze the reactions of carbon fixation – the Calvin cycle reactions
Term
Stoma
Definition
CO2 gets into the leaf through this (mouth) and oxygen exits through it
Term
Light-dependent reactions
Definition
Require light, Capture energy from sunlight, Make ATP and reduce NADP+ to NADPH
Term
Dark Reactions (or Light Independent Reactions)
Definition
Also called Carbon Fixation Reactions, Do not require light, Use ATP and NADPH to synthesize organic molecules from CO2
Term
Jan Baptista van Helmont (1580–1644)
Definition
Demonstrated that the substance of the plant was not produced only from the soil
Term
*Joseph Priestly (1733–1804)
Definition
Living vegetation adds something to the air

Living vegetation adds something to the air

Living vegetation adds something to the air
Term
Jan Ingen-Housz (1730–1799)
Definition
Proposed plants carry out a process that uses sunlight to split carbon dioxide into carbon and oxygen (O2 gas)
Term
Pigments
Definition
Molecules that absorb light energy in the visible range
Term
Photon
Definition
particle of light
Acts as a discrete bundle of energy
Energy content of a photon is inversely proportional to the wavelength of the light
Term
Photoelectric effect
Definition
removal of an electron from a molecule by light
Term
Absorption spectrum
Definition
range and efficiency of photons a molecule is capable of absorbing,Lost as heat, or
Absorbed by the electrons of the molecule
(Boosts electrons into higher energy level)
Term
Chlorophyll a
Definition
Main pigment in plants and cyanobacteria
Only pigment that can act directly to convert light energy to chemical energy; Absorbs violet-blue and red light
Term
Chlorophyll b
Definition
Accessory pigment or secondary pigment absorbing light wavelengths that chlorophyll a does not absorb
Term
porphyrin ring
Definition
Structure of chlorophyll, Complex ring structure with alternating double and single bonds-Magnesium ion at the center of the ring-Photons excite electrons in the ring-Electrons are shuttled away from the ring!!!
Mn (Manganese) however is part of the enzyme complex that is actually responsible for splitting water
Term
Carotenoids
Definition
Carbon rings linked to chains with alternating single and double bonds, Can absorb photons with a wide range of energies
Also scavenge free radicals – antioxidant (Protective role)
Term
Antenna complex
Definition
Hundreds of accessory pigment molecules
Gather photons and feed the captured light energy to the reaction center, ("light-harvesting complex")
Term
Reaction center
Definition
1 or more chlorophyll a molecules
Passes excited electrons out of the photosystem
This process is converting “light energy” to “chemical energy.”
Oxidized chlorophyll then fills its electron “hole” by oxidizing a donor molecule
Term
Photosystem I (P700)
Definition
transfers electrons ultimately to NADP+, producing NADPH, cyclic photophosphorylation, generates ATP
core transmembrane complex consisting of 12 to 14 protein subunits
Term
Photosystem II (P680)
Definition
II oxidizes water to replace the electrons transferred to photosystem I, connected by b6-f complex, non-cylcic Photophos.; generates ATP, NADPH, Oxygen
Core of 10 transmembrane protein subunits
Term
Cyclic photophosphorylation
Definition
Generates ATP via electron transport
Anoxygenic photosynthesis, Excited electron passed to electron transport chain
Generates a proton gradient for ATP synthesis
Term
Calvin cycle
Definition
Also called C3 photosynthesis
Key step is attachment of CO2 to Ribulose BisPhosphate (RuBP) to form PhosphoGlycerAte (PGA), Uses enzyme ribulose bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase (rubisco) found in chloroplast stroma.
Term
3 phases of the Calvin Cycle:
Definition
1. Carbon fixation
RuBP + CO2 → PGA
2. Reduction (energy storage!)
PGA is reduced to G3P (uses energy from ATP/NADPH)
3. Regeneration of RuBP
PGA is used to regenerate RuBP
Term
Output of Calvin cycle
Definition
Glucose is not a direct product of the Calvin cycle
G3P is a 3 carbon sugar, Used to form sucrose:
Major transport sugar in plants, Disaccharide made of fructose and glucose
Used to make starch; Insoluble glucose polymer, Stored for later use
Term
Carboxylation
Definition
Addition of CO2 to RuBP; Favored under normal conditions (in Photorespiration)
Term
Photorespiration
Definition
Oxidation of RuBP by the addition of O2
Favored when stoma are closed in hot conditions
Creates low-CO2 and high-O2
Term
C4 & CAM Photosynthesis
Definition
Add CO2 to PhosphoEnolPyruvate (PEP) to form 4 carbon molecule
Use PEP carboxylase
Greater affinity for CO2, no oxidase activity
C4 – spatial solution
CAM – temporal solution
Term
Bundle-sheath Cells
Definition
is where the Calvin cycle occurs for C4 photosynthesis
Term
Mesophyll Cell
Definition
Calvin Cycle occurs here in C3 photsynthesis, but is where malate is produced for C4 photosynthesis
Term
advantages of C4 photosynthesis
Definition
overcomes the problems of photorespiration, but The production of a single glucose molecule requires 12 additional ATP compared with the Calvin cycle alone
advantageous in hot dry climates where photorespiration would remove more than half of the carbon fixed by the usual C3 pathway alone
Term
CAM plants
Definition
Stomata open during the night and close during the day (Reverse of that in most plants)
Fix CO2 using PEP carboxylase during the night to produce oxaloacetate/other organic acids - stored in vacuole
Term
spatial difference
Definition
C4 – two pathways occur in different cells (bundle-sheath & mesophyll)
Term
temporal difference
Definition
CAM – C4 pathway at night and the C3 pathway during the day
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