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Ch 8/9
Memory and Information Processing
70
Psychology
Undergraduate 2
07/07/2011

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Term
memory
Definition
our ability to store and later retrieve info about past events--develops and changes over life span
Term
encoding
Definition
getting information into the system
Term
sensory register
Definition
fleeting memory--logs info holds for fraction of second--much quickly disappears
Term
storage
Definition
short term, working, and long term memory
Term
short term memory
Definition
PASSIVE--limited to 7 items (phone # while you dial it)
Term
working memory
Definition
ACTIVE--active short term memory--temp. stores info while actively working on it
Term
long term memory
Definition
relatively permanent--represents what most people mean by memory
Term
consolidation
Definition
info is processed and organized in a form suitable for long term storage--process facilitated by sleep
Term
retreival
Definition
recognition, recall, cued recall
successfully remembered info
Term
recognition
Definition
multiple choice
Term
recall
Definition
without aid of cues
Term
cued recall
Definition
given a hint
Term
implicit memory (procedural memory)
Definition
unintentional, automatic
info from everyday experiences
does not change over lifespan
Term
explicit memory (declarative memory)
Definition
deliberate, effortful
tested through recognition and recall tests
increases from infancy to adulthood
deeply entwined with language
Term
explicit memory-semantic and episodic memory
Definition
semantic-general facts
episodic specific experiences
Term
Infant memory tasks
Definition
imitation, habituation, operant conditioning
Term
imitation
Definition
of facial expressions by 6 weeks
deferred imitation by 6 moths
Term
deferred imitation
Definition
imitate a novel act after a delay (early form of explicit memory)
Term
habituation
Definition
present at birth
learning not to respond to repeated act (being bored)
Term
operant conditioning
Definition
ribbon and mobile task
cue-dependent and context specific
Term
ribbon and mobile task--implicit/procedural memory
Definition
Carolyn Rovee-Collier.
When a ribbon is tied to a baby's ankle and connected to an attractive mobile, it will shake a leg now and then and learn that leg kicking being positively reinforcing consequences: jiggling of the mobile
test memory--mobile presented later to see if kid kicks again. infant must recognize mobile and know to kick
Term
problem solving
Definition
use of information-processing system to achieve goal or decision
Term
information-processing system/approach
Definition
basic mental processes involved in attention, perception, memory and decision making
Term
4 hypothesis why memory and learning improve--John Flavell and Henry Wellman
Definition
Changes in Basic capacities
changes in memory strategies
increased knowledge about memory
increased knowledge about the world
Term
4 hypothesis
Definition
dramatic improvements in learning, memory, and problem solving
4 hyp. explain memory improvment
Term
HYP. 1) changes in basic capacities
Definition
no differenecs in storage or senses
changes in speed allow parallel processing
automatically frees working memory space
Term
HYP. 2) Change in memory strategies
Definition
-perseveration error--use a strategy that was once sucessful even if it's not working currently
-rehersal- repeating items (7 yrs)
-orginization-classifying into groups (10 yrs)
-elaboration- creating meaningful links
-retrieval strategies
----cues needed when younger
Term
HYP 3) changes in know. about memory
Definition
metamemory--knowlege of memory
---present in young kids
---awareness of memory processes is benficial even to young children
---get better with age and experience
Term
HYP 4) changes in word knowlege
Definition
knowlege base: knowlege of a content area
-clearly affects learning and memory
-domain familiarity and expertise
-child chess experts vs adults familiar w chess
Term
rehersal
Definition
3-4 yrs--repeating of items the are trying to learn and remember
Term
elaboration
Definition
actively creating meaningful links between items to be remembered--adding something to the items (words or images)
Term
metacongition
Definition
know. of the human mind and the range of cognitive processes
Term
knowlege base
Definition
indiv. knowledge of a content area to be learned
Term
chess example
Definition
Michelene CHi--though adults usually perform better on test, can be reversed if children have more expertise than adults
-chess experts compared memory skills w adults who know game but not experts
-memory of sequ of events adults did better, but memory of location of chess pieces children won bc they could form larger mental chunks
Term
autobiographical memories
Definition
personal experiences or events that happened to the at spec. time and place--episodic mem. of personal events
Term
childhood amnesia
Definition
they have fewer autobiographical memories of events that occured during 1st few years of life
Term
when childhood memories begin
Definition
not before age 2
Term
why lack of memory?
Definition
relative lack of verbal skills during 1st few years of life may limit what we are able to recall from then
Term
fuzzy trace theory
Definition
some children store verbatim (specific/word for word) and general accounts seperatly
Term
memory and age
Definition
w age focus more on general mem and lose specific( gen takes up less memory space)
Term
scripts
Definition
typical sequence of actions (general event representations)---guide future behaviors in similar settings
Term
eyewitness memory
Definition
testimony--reporting events witnessed or experienced
-improves with age--younger suggestible
-accuracy better with open questions
--specific questions lead to inaccuracy
--repeating questions leads to misinformation
Term
psychometric approach
Definition
intelligence is a trait that an be ID and measured
characterized people to a greated extent than others
-differences among ind. can be described
Term
Two factor theory of intelligence--G
Definition
Spearman--g--general mental ability-contributes to performances on tasks-performance on exams
Term
Two factor theory of intelligence --S
Definition
s-special abilities-each specificto particular tast
Term
Thurstone 7 primary mental abilites
Definition
spatial ability, perceptual speed, numeric reasoning, verbal meaning, word fluency, memory, inductive reasoning
Term
mental age MA
Definition
-age graded items used
-test describes childs mental age(level age graded problems can solve)
Term
Binet--Stanford-Binet Scale
Definition
compare MA with CA by calculating IQ
Term
IQ
Definition
intelligent quotent
MA over CA times 100
IQ = MA/CA X 100

score:100=average
Term
stanford-binet IQ test modern scales
Definition
large representative sample, average
Term
correlations between infant DQ scores and child IQ are low or 0the wechsler scales
Definition
widely used today
3 IQ scores
ages 6-16
----verbal
----performance
----full
average 100
Term
normal distribution
Definition
bell shape curve
Term
creativity
Definition
ability to product novel responses appropriate in context and values by others-
-orriginal and meaningful
DISTINCT FROM IQ AND CLASS GRADES
Term
convergent thinking
Definition
coming to the best answer for a problem (IQ)
Term
divergent thinking
Definition
finding a variety of solutions to a problem with no correct answer (creativity)
Term
infant
Definition
assess rate at which infants achieve important developmental milesstones
Term
Bayley Scales of infant intellligence
Definition
1 month-42 months
3 pts
motor scale
mental scale
behavior rating scale
Term
DQ--developmental quitient
Definition
summarizes how well /poorly infant performs compared to other
Term
possibly to predict infants who will be gifted, disabled, normal?
Definition
not from DQ scores
Term
bes predictor of IQ
Definition
attention, speed of habituation, preferencec for novelty
Term
fast information processing
Definition
higher iq
Term
child iq
Definition
iq at 4 predicts later iq
Term
iq gains
Definition
parents who foster achievement
Term
iq drops
Definition
poverty
Term
cumulative deficit hypothesis
Definition
impoverished environments inhibit intellectual growth and negative effects accumulate over time
Term
early interventions
Definition
head start program
to be sucessful need to start eary, last long, and involve several componants
Term
head start program
Definition
nutrition, health care, parent training, intellectual stimulatino
immed. gains in IQ
IQ advantages rarey last more then 3-4 yrs
different attitudes about achie.
Term
general trends in divergent thinking
Definition
high i preschool
decline in elementary
Term
the creative child
Definition
freedom, originality, humor, agression playfulness
more pretend play
open to new ideas
creative home environments
Term
adol.
Definition
brain growth spurt at 11/12
impr. mem and processing skills
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