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Ch.7 - Memory
memory
36
Psychology
Post-Graduate
02/26/2010

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Cards

Term
Memory
Definition

our ability to store and retrieve information.

Term
encoding
Definition
getting information in
Term
effort
Definition

Committing new information to memory requires effort.  This processing leads to durable and accessible memories.

Term
rehearsal
Definition

Effortful learning requires rehearsal or repetition


Term
meaningfulness
Definition

One problem Ebbinghaus had was that the material had little meaning.

       Memory for meaningful things is better than non-meaningful                                                  things. 

 

Term
storage
Definition
retaining information
Term
sensory memory
Definition
first stage of memory processing.  Memories are very brief, only lasting less than a second
Term
working memory
Definition

  temporary storage of information that someone has just encountered.

Term
long-term memory
Definition
is a relatively permanent storage of mostly meaningful information.  Long-term memory has essentially unlimited capacity store.
Term
levels-of processing
Definition
the ease with which we can retrieve a memory depends on the number and types of associations that we form with that memory.
Term
encoding by meaning
Definition
Processing the meaning of information by associating it with what we already know
Term
encoding by imagery
Definition
Mental pictures (imagery) are a powerful aid to processing information. 
Term
encoding by organization of information
Definition
2 ways
Term
1. heirarchies
Definition

organizing complex information into categories and subcategories.

Term
2. chunking
Definition

organizing items into a familiar, manageable unit.

Term
mnemonic devices
Definition
memory aid that is based on encoding an item in a special way.   There are many types of mnemonic devices.
Term
acronyms
Definition
using the first letter of each work to organize the  information 
Term
method of loci (locations)
Definition

creating a mental picture (things to be remembered are connected to objects located in a familiar location)

Term
rhyming (songs, phrases)
Definition

information to be remembered is arranged in a rhyme 

Term
spacing effect
Definition
- we retain information better when we rehearse over time.
Term
serial-order effect
Definition
we tend to remember the beginning and the end of a list better than the middle.
Term
primacy effect
Definition
tendency to remember the beginning.
Term
recency effect
Definition
tendency to remember the end
Term
von Restorff effect
Definition
the tendency to remember unusual items better than more common items
Term
the influence of emotional arousal
Definition

The greater the emotional arousal associated with an event, the greater the likelihood that the event will be remembered.

Term
recall
Definition

1.     most difficult for the person being tested.

An example of recall is an essay test

Term
cued recall
Definition

1.     gives the person significant hints about the correct answer.

An example is fill-in-the-blank tests.

The capital of France is ______.

Term
recognition
Definition

1.     requires the person to identify the correct item from a list of several choices.

An example is multiple-choice tests

Term
interference
Definition

an inability to retrieve information due to poor encoding, storage, or retrieval. 

Term
proactive interference
Definition

a.     retaining old material interferes with memory for new material

Term
retroactive interference
Definition
retaining new material makes it hard to remember old material
Term
repression
Definition
: A defense mechanism that lessens anxiety-arousing thoughts, feelings, and memories from consciousness
Term
amnesia
Definition
inability to recall things that are stored in the long-term memory.
Term
frontal-lobe damage
Definition
Damage to the frontal lobes causes some problems to memory.
Term
Frontal lobe damage can occur as a result of
Definition

1.stroke

2.head trauma

3.chronic alcoholism

Term
alzheimers disease
Definition

most common form of dementia

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