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Ch 6-8 APW Review
Terms to review for chapters 6-8
63
History
9th Grade
02/25/2016

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Term
Bedouin
Definition
nomadic clans that developed in desert zones in the Arabian Peninsula - facilitated the spread of Islam
Term
Shaykhs
Definition
tribal leaders of the bedouins
Term
Mecca
Definition
site of the Ka'ba and an obligatory truce between clans due to it being a holy city for Muslims
Term
Medina
Definition
had sedentary agriculture due to it being an oasis - active trade between its people and the bedouins - fought over between two bedouin and three Jewish clans
Term
Umayyad
Definition
clan that dominated the politics and commercial economy of Mecca - belonged to the Quraysh bedouin tribe - ruled for nearly 100 years - treated women with respect - focused on military expansion - fall was caused by lavish lifestyles and being overthrown by the Abbasids - centralized power - combined religion with politics/social customs
Term
Ka'ba
Definition
one of the most revered religious shrines of pre-Islamic Arabia - attracted pilgrims and customers to Mecca
Term
Allah
Definition
word for "God" - used by Muslims
Term
Muhammad
Definition
Islamic prophet (was not worshipped as an idol)
Term
Islam
Definition
monotheistic religion most prevalent in the Arabic Peninsula
Term
Qur'an
Definition
Islam's holy book, written by Muhammad
Term
Hijra
Definition
Arabic word for "migration"
Term
Zakat
Definition
a charity tax for the poor
Term
Five Pillars
Definition
five basic acts in Islam - considered mandatory by believers and are the foundation of Muslim life
Term
Hajj
Definition
pilgrimage to Mecca - every Muslim has to make the pilgrimage at least once in their lifetime
Term
Caliph
Definition
leader of Islam after Muhammad
Term
Abu Bakr
Definition
first caliph - took Muhammad's place
Term
Jihad
Definition
holy war (Islam)
Term
Sunnis
Definition
backers of Umayyads - caliph through dominant clan - rightly guided caliphs
Term
Shi'a
Definition
backers of Ali - caliph through descendants of Muhammad
Term
Mawali
Definition
Muslim converts
Term
Dhimmis
Definition
Jews and Christians living under early Muslim rule
Term
Abbasid
Definition
party that overthrew Umayyad rule - ruled for nearly 500 years - accepted Muslim conversions and non-Muslims - focused on expansion of knowledge - centralized power - combined religion with politics/social customs - bureaucracy - fall was caused by groups of people breaking away from the caliphate and then Mongol invasions
Term
Baghdad
Definition
in Iraq - capital of the Abbasid Empire
Term
Wazir/vizier
Definition
a high official in Muslim countries
Term
mosque
Definition
house of worship for Muslims
Term
Golden Age of Islam
Definition
under Abbasid rule
Term
The Thousand and One Nights
Definition
collection of stories and folk tales compiled in Arabic during the Islamic Golden Age
Term
Al-Razi
Definition
Persian polymath, physician, alchemist and chemist, philosopher and important figure in the history of philosophy and medicine, known as the Iranian Socrates and Hippocrates
Term
Al-Razi
Definition
Persian polymath, physician, alchemist and chemist, philosopher and important figure in the history of philosophy and medicine, known as the Iranian Socrates and Hippocrates
Term
al-Mahdi
Definition
tried to change Shi'a views - didn't work
Term
al-Rashid
Definition
most famous and enduring leader - civil war came after his death and ended the power of the caliphs
Term
Harems
Definition
separate part of a Muslim household reserved for wives, concubines, and female servants that was created by the Abbasid court to keep women in seclusion
Term
Buyids
Definition
Islamic dynasty of pronounced Iranian and Shi'a character that provided native rule in western Iran and Iraq in the period between the Arab and Turkish conquests
Term
Sultan
Definition
a Muslim sovereign or leader
Term
Seljuk Turks
Definition
Turkic Sunni Muslims - their dynasty adopted Persian culture
Term
Mamluks
Definition
"property" or "owned slave" of the king
Term
Crusades
Definition
holy war (Christianity)
Term
Mongols
Definition
East-Central Asian ethnic group - formed from the unification of nomadic tribes
Term
Chinggis Khan
Definition
was elected supreme ruler (Khagan) of the Mongol tribes in 1206 - constructed new capital Karakorum
Term
Hulegu
Definition
Mongol ruler who conquered much of Western Asia - grandson of Chinggis Khan
Term
Sufis
Definition
mystics who helped the spread of Islam after the Golden Age, especially in India and southeast Asia
Term
Ulama
Definition
orthodox religious scholars - opposite of Sufis
Term
Stateless societies
Definition
no hierarchy of officials
organized by kinship/similar
less political power in one area
internal problems easily solved - people could leave and establish a different village
could not face external issues though
not able to mobilize for war, organize large building projects, create stability for long distance trade
Term
Ifriqiya
Definition
name for eastern north Africa (used by Arabs)
Term
Maghrib
Definition
name for western Africa (used by Arabs)
Term
Almoravids
Definition
ultra-conservative reformers in 11th century
launched jihad (holy war to purify, spread, protect faith)
Term
Almohadis
Definition
reformers - return to original teachings of Muhammad
Term
Ethiopia
Definition
a Christian kingdom near Egypt and Nubia
east of the Nile River
maybe most important African Christian outpost
had conversions to Christianity before the Roman Empire
isolated, very independen
Term
Lalibela
Definition
King Lalibela - ruled the new dynasty of Christian and non-Christian states
In the Ethiopian Kingdom
Built churches in the 13th century to represent power of early Christianity in Ethiopia
Term
Sahel
Definition
grassland belt at the southern edge of the Sahara
point of exchange between north and south
open to attack/periodic droughts
Term
Sudanic states
Definition
led by patriarch/council of elders/family
had the main area it ruled but also controlled conquest states which affected the taxes, tribute, and military support
these aspects defined an empire: fit Ghana, Mali, and Songhay
rulers = sacred
separated king from others by rituals
used Islam to reinforce the idea of kingship
majority of the population didn’t convert to Islam
rulers combined Islam with indigenous culture
Term
Sudanic states
Definition
led by patriarch/council of elders/family
had the main area it ruled but also controlled conquest states which affected the taxes, tribute, and military support
these aspects defined an empire: fit Ghana, Mali, and Songhay
rulers = sacred
separated king from others by rituals
used Islam to reinforce the idea of kingship
majority of the population didn’t convert to Islam
rulers combined Islam with indigenous culture
Term
Mansa
Definition
emperor (in Mali)
first mansa: Sundiata
Term
Mali
Definition
empire located between the Senegal and Niger rivers
created by Malinke people (broke away from Ghana in 13th century)
kingship reinforced by Islam
rulers supported Islam (built mosques, public prayers, supporting preachers)
agricultural base but had active trade (facilitated by juula)
Term
Ibn Batuta
Definition
Arab traveler
believed that Africans hated injustice the most and the emperor didn’t forgive people who are guilty of it
Term
Sundiata
Definition
brilliant, respected leader
given credit for the beginning of Malinke expansion
celebrated in a great oral tradition - the “Lion Prince”
“he was beloved of God because he was the last of the great conquerors”
created a unified state from regional fighting
divided people into social arrangements (like in Ghana but he was given credit)
the political institutions of rule he created allowed for regional and ethnic differences
stationed troops to maintain loyalty/security
died in 1260 - successors expanded the territory to nearly the Atlantic coast
Term
Timbuktu
Definition
port city (Niger River)
population of 50,000
14th century - great Sankore mosque contained a library and university
book = symbol of civilization in Islamic world - book trade in Timbuktu was the most lucrative business
Term
Songhay
Definition
Dominated the areas of the Niger valley
Began to form as an independent kingdom in the 7th century
Rulers had become Muslim although most of the population remained pagan
1370, Songhay broke from Mali - gold trade
Mid-16th century Songhay dominated Sudan
Familiar pattern – created unique brand of Islam
Downfall when Muslim army from Morocco came down > this led to revolts
Muslim role in city:
Came as merchants – joined communities
Though they were minorities, they became elite
Located throughout west Africa, but no Islamicized state
Intermarriage took place
Term
East African trading ports
Definition
Founding - Bantu people from 1st century to 10th century
-Even Indonesia and Malay in 2nd century - bananas/coconuts on Madagascar
-Fishers, farmers made rough pottery & iron
13th century - urbanized trading ports - at least 30 port towns
-Shared Swahili language
-Contained mosques, tombs, palaces cut of stone and coral
-Exported ivory, gold, iron, slaves, exotic animals
-Imported silks - Persia, porcelain - China
-Sofala - beautiful coastal city, gold access, furthers south to catch monsoon
(Riding the monsoon season key to trading in Indian Ocean)
-link to coastal commerce and caravan trade
-Chinese sailing expeditions - 1417 > 1431 - big boats
Term
Discuss how a nomadic pastoral society produced a religion capable of achieving global dominance.
Definition
Nomads already traveled, so if they created a religion, it would travel with them to other places and groups of people and influence them.
Term
Discuss why the disputes over authority after the death of Muhammad served to hinder future Muslim unity.
Definition
Even today, the schism that took place after the death of Muhammad turns Muslims against Muslims.
Term
Compare and contrast the initial spread of Islam throughout the Mediterranean and the Middle East with the Islamic incursions into India and Southeast Asia.
Definition
While both caused kings to convert to Islam, the Mediterranean and Middle East was directly affected and held by the Abbasid Empire (Golden Age of Islam) while the spread of Islam was done by Sufis and other outside groups after the Golden Age.
Term
Discuss the political, cultural, and economic characteristics of the Abbasid Empire.
Definition
political divisions and social disagreements
civil wars causing the economy to weaken
trade expansion and intellectual creativity
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