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Ch 48 High risk pregnancy
diagnostic medical sonography
71
Medical
Undergraduate 2
03/11/2012

Additional Medical Flashcards

 


 

Cards

Term
acardiac anomaly
Definition
a rare anomaly in monochorionic twins in which one twin develops without a heart and often without an upper half of the body
Term
anasarca
Definition
severe generalized massive edema often seen with fetal hydrops
Term
caudal regression syndrome
Definition
lack of development of the caudal spine and cord that may occur in the fetus of a diabetic mother
Term
Conjoined twins
Definition
occurs when the division of the egg occurs after 13 days
Term
Dizygotic
Definition
twins that arise from two separately fertilized ova
Term
Eclampsia
Definition
Coma and seizures in the second and third trimester patient secondary to pregnancy-induced hypertension
Term
Fetus papyraceous
Definition
fetal death that occurs after the fetus has reached a certain growth that is too large to resorb into the uterus
Term
Hydrops fetalis
Definition
fluid occurring in at least two areas; pleural effusion, pericardial effusion, ascites, or skin edema
Term
Hyperemesis gravidarum
Definition
excessive vomiting that leads to dehydration and electrolyte imbalance
Term

Maternal serum alpha-fetoprotein

(MSAFP)

Definition
an antigen present in the fetus; the maternal serum is tested between 15 and 22 weeks of gestation to detect abnormal levels; can also be tested directly from the amniotic fluid during amniocentesis
Term
Maternal serum quad screen
Definition
a blood test conducted during the second trimester (15-22 weeks) to identify pregnancies at a higher risk for chromosomal anomalies (trisomy 21 and trisomy 18) and neural tube defects
Term
monozygotic
Definition
twins that arise from a single fertilized egg, which divides to produce two identical fetuses
Term

nonimmune hydrops

(NH)

Definition
term that describes a group of conditions in which hydrops is present in the fetus but is not a result of fetomaternal blood group incompatibility
Term
oligohydramnios
Definition
too little amniotic fluid; fluid measures <5cm of the amniotic fluid index
Term
polyhydramnios
Definition
too much amniotic fluid; fluid measures >22cm of amniotic fluid index
Term
Preeclampsia
Definition
(also known as pregnancy-induced hypertension [PIH]) a complication of pregnancy characterized by increasing hypertension, proteinuria, and edema
Term
Rh blood group
Definition
system of antigens that may be found on the surface of red blood cells. When the Rh antigen is present, the blood type is Rh positive; when the Rh antigen is absent, the blood type is Rh negative. A pregnant woman who is Rh negative may become sensitized by the blood of an Rh-positive fetus. In subsequent pregnancies, if the fetus is Rh positive, the Rh antibodies produced in maternal blood may cross the placenta and destroy fetal cells, causing erythroblastosis fetalis.
Term
Spalding's sign
Definition
overlapping of the skull bones; indicates fetal death
Term

Systemic lupus erythematosus

(SLE)

Definition
inflammatory disease involving multiple organ systems; a fetus of a mother with SLE may develop heart block and pericardial effusion
Term
Twin-twin transfusion syndrome
Definition
monozygotic twin pregnancy with single placenta and arteriovenous shunt within the placenta; the donor twin becomes anemic and growth restricted with oligohydramnios; the recipient twin may develop hydrops and polyhydramnios
Term
high risk pregnancy
Definition
any pregnancy with increased chance for an adverse outcome
Term
  • Preclampsia
  • third-trimester bleeding
  • prolapsed cord
  • premature delivery
  • congenital anomalies 
Definition
Multiple gestation is at increased risks such as:
Term
Five times
Definition
Twins have how much greater chance of perinatal death than a singleton?
Term

monozygotic

 

Definition
From a single fertilised egg which divides, resulting in two genetically identical fetuses
Term
Dizygotic
Definition

From two separately fertilized ova

(fraternal)

Term
Dizygotic Twins
Definition
most common form of twinning
Term
dizygotic
Definition
Always are dichorionic diamniotic
Term
diamniotic
Definition
If a membrane seperates the two fetuses
Term
diamniotic dichorionic
Definition
twin pregnancy demonstrates two gestational sacs and two placentas
Term
day the egg divides
Definition
Number of placentas and amnions depends on what?
Term
Dichorionic diamniotic
Definition
Very early division results in what?
Term
monochorionic monoamniotic
Definition
Very late division(beyond 8 days) results in what?
Term
monochorionic monoamniotic
Definition
risk of conjoined twins with?
Term

monochorionic diamniotic

 

Definition
Division of cells between 4 to 8 days will result in?
Term
monochorionic diamniotic
Definition
most common form of monozygotic twins
Term
diamniotic dichorionic
Definition
If seperate placentas are seen it confirms what?
Term
dichorionic diamniotic
Definition
Twin peak sign determines what?
Term
monochorionic diamniotic
Definition
the membrane is very thin and seen separating at a point, known as "T" sign
Term
Twin-twin transfusion
Definition

Arteriovenous shunt within the placenta, the arterial blood of one twin is pumped into the venous system of the other twin. As a result, the donor twin becomes anemic and growth restriction will result

Monozygotic twins, share placenta

Term
twin-twin transfusion
Definition
A twin appearing "stuck" because of less AFI and smaller size
Term
oligohydramnios
Definition
The donor twin in twin-twin transfusion usually has ?
Term
polyhydramnios
Definition
the recepient twin usually has?
Term
Poly-olli sequence
Definition
Stuck twin syndrome is also know as what?
Term
16-26 weeks
Definition
Poly-olli/stuck twin syndrome usually occurs around when?
Term
6mm
Definition
Difference in BPD of what is a predictor of growth discordance?
Term
20%
Definition
Difference in estimated fetal weigh of greater than what is a predictor of growth discordance?
Term
20mm or greater
Definition
Difference in AC of what is a predictor of growth discordance?
Term
5mm or greater
Definition
Difference in FL of what is a predictor of growth discordance?
Term

Trisomy 18

(edward's syndrome)

Definition
Can cause growth restriction and therefore should be ruled out in the case of twins with growth discordance
Term
Acardiac anomaly
Definition
Occurs in monochorionic twin preg. in which one twin develops without a heart and often the absence of the upper body
Term
hydrops fetalis
Definition
characterized by extensive accumulation of fluids in fetal tissues or body cavities
Term
erythroblastosis fetalis
Definition

Due to blood group incompatibility, fetal red blood cells obtain entry into the maternal blood system, and the mother lacks the antigen and mounts an immune response.The resulting antibody the mother develops can cross the placenta and destroy the fetal blood cells.

Rh neg mothers

Term
nonimmune hydrops
Definition
Hydrops present in the fetus without fetomaternal blood group incompatibility
Term
nonimmune hydrops
Definition
Cardiovascular lesions are often the most frequent causes
Term
immune hydrops
Definition
Caused by blood incompatability, Rh neg mothers
Term
nonimmune hydrops
Definition
Ultrasound findings of scalp edema, pleural and pericardial effusions, ascites, and elevated heart rate suggest what?
Term
Insulin-dependent pregnant diabetics
Definition
increased risk of unexplained stillbirth and congenital anomalies among mothers with what?
Term
  • macrosomia
  • skeletal and central nervous system
  • cardiac
  • renal
  • gastrointestinal 
Definition
Congenital anomalies in infants of diabetic mothers:
Term
38 weeks or when fetal lungs develop
Definition
Fetuses of mothers with diabetes are commonly delivered when?
Term
polyhydramnios
Definition
what is associated with poor glucose control?
Term
Caudal regression syndrome
Definition
(lack of lower limbs) is seen almost exclusively in diabetic individuals, lack of development of the caudal spine and cord
Term
Hypertension
Definition
May be associated with small placentas because of the effect on the blood vessels. IUGR common
Term
  • Pregnancy-induced hypertension
  • Chronic hypertension 
Definition
Two types of hypertension in pregnancy:
Term
preclampsia
Definition
pregnancy condition in which high blood pressure develops with protein-uria(protein in the urine) or edema
Term
eclampsia
Definition
siezures and coma
Term
Right
Definition
Hydronephrosis is commonly seen on what side of the maternal kidneys?
Term
  • infection
  • congenital or chromosomal abnormalities
  • preeclampsia
  • placental abruption
  • diabetes
  • growth restriciton
  • blood group isoimmunization 
Definition
Common causes of fetal death include:
Term
Definition
Fetal heart tones should be heard with doppler at 12 weeks
Term
16-20 weeks
Definition
Mother should feel fetal movements when?
Term
fetus papyraceous
Definition
fetal death that occurs after the fetus has reached a certain growth that is too large to resorb into the uterus
Term
spalding's sign
Definition
overlapping of the skull bones
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