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CH 26
IM SCARED
18
Biology
Undergraduate 1
02/06/2013

Additional Biology Flashcards

 


 

Cards

Term
Phylogeny
Definition
The evolutionary history of a species or group of species
Term
Systematics
Definition
A discipline focused on classifying organisms and determining their eveolutionary backgrounds
Term
Taxonamy
Definition
The discipline of science dedicated to naming and calssifying organisms
Term
Linnean Classification
Definition
Domain, kingdom, phylum, class, order, family, genus, species
Term
Phylogenetic Tree
Definition
The branching diagram taht represents the evolutionary history of a group of organisms
Term
Polytomy
Definition
A branch point of a phylogenetic tree from which more than two descendent groups descend
Term
Homoplasies
Definition
Analogous structures that arose independently
Term
Molecular Systematics
Definition
The discipline of science that uses data from DNA and other molecules to determine evolutionary relationships
Term
Clades
Definition
A group of organisms believed to have evolved from a common ancestor
Term
Monophyletic Group (clade)
Definition

Consists of an ancestral species and ALL of its descendents

 [image]

Term
Paraphyletic Group
Definition

A clade containing an ancestral species and SOME of its descendents

 [image]

Term
Polyphyletic Group
Definition
A clade in which some members have different ancestors [image]
Term
Outgroup
Definition

A spevies or group of species from an evolutionary lineage that is known to have diverged before the lineage that includes the species that is being studied, which is known as an ingroup

Outgroups can be chosen based on morphology, paleontology, embryonic development, and gene sequences 

 

Term
Maximum Parsimony
Definition
States that we should first investigate the simplest explanation that is consistant with facts
Term
Orthologous Genes
Definition
Genes that are found in different species, and their divergence traces back to the speciation events that produced the species
Term
Paralogous Species
Definition
Genes that are descended from the same ancestral gene by gene duplication in the course of evolution, especially when present in different species that have diverged after duplication
Term
Nuetral Theory
Definition

The theory that states that much evolutionary change in genes and proteins has no effect on fitness and therefore is not influenced by natural selection 

Points out that many new mutations are harmful and are removed quickly 

Term
Horizantal Gene Transfer
Definition
The process in which genes are transferred from one genome to another through mechanisms such as exchange of transposable elements, plasmids, viruses, and perhaps fusion of organisms
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