Reservation

p.337

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Textbook Definition: An area of land set aside by the government for Native Americans.

Sentence: In the Spring of 1889, two women arrived at Nez Perce reservation in Lapwai, Idaho.

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Reconstruction

p.323

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`Textbook Definition: The period after the Civil War when the federal government ruled the southern states in order to rebuild them and allow them back into the Union.

Sentence: During period politicians in the East were arguing over Reconstruction.

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Nez Perce

p.337-338

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Textbook Definition: Like other Indians, the Nez Perce had already been forced onto other reservations, to make way for new settlers. 

Sentence: For decades the Nez Perce were among the friendliest of all Western Indians toward whites.

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Lapwai Reservation

p.337

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Textbook Definition: Now Fletcher told the Indians that the government wanted to divide the Lapwai Reservation into farm plots.

Sentence: Jane Gay and Alice Flecther discovered these deep differences soon after they arrived at Lapwai.

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Chief Joeseph

p. 338-339

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Textbook Definition: Chief of the Nez Perce.

Sentence: In 1877, representatives of the United States government presented Chief Joeseph with a terrible choice.

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Wallowa Valley

p.338

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Textbook Definition:One of these "no treaty" bands lived in the Wallowa Valley of Eastern Oregon.
 Sentene:That summer, 700 Nez Perce left the Wallowa Valley.
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Homesteader

p.340

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Textbook Definition: A farmer who is given a plot of public return to cultivating it.

Sentence: All the homesteader had to do was given ownership of the land.

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Transcontinental Railroad

p.340

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Textbook Definition: A railroad that crosses a continent.

Sentence: The Pacific Railroad Act called for the building of a transcontinental railroad to link the Atlantic and Pacific Coasts.

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Colville Reservation

p.239

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Textbook Definition:Although some some Indians went to Lapwai, others were sent to Coville Reservation.
 Sentence: Chief Joseph was even sent to Coville Reservation.

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Homestead Act of 1862

p.340

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Textbook Definition: In 1861 and1862, Congress passed two laws that strirred new interest in the Wesr the Homestead Act and the Pacific Railroad Act.

Sentence: The Homestead Act offered farmers 160 acres of public land in the West for free.

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Pacific Railroad Act

p.340

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Textbook Definition: In 1861 and1862, Congress passed two laws that strirred new interest in the Wesr the Homestead Act and the Pacific Railroad Act.

Sentence: The Pacific Railroad kicked off the greatest period of railroad construction in the nation's history.

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"Rail Barons"

p.341

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Textbook Definition: People who work on railroads

Sentence: "Rail Barons"like the Central Pacific's and Leland Stanford and Charles Crocker made vast fortunes.

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Subsidy

p.340

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Textbook Definition:Money or other things or other things of value that a government contributes to an enterprise.
 Sentence: To help the railroad companies pay for the project , Congress gave them subsidies in the form of sections of free land over every mile of track they laid.
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Grenville Dodge

p.341

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Textbook Definition: In 1866 a former Civil War general named Grenville Dodge took charge of construction.

Sentence: Dodge built railroads before the war.

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Promontory Point

p.343

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Textbook Definition:On May 10, 1869, the two lines met at the Promontory Point, Utah.
 Sentence: A network of railroads were built at Promontory Point, Utah

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Colis P. Huntington

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Textbook Definition: One of the Big Four of western railroading  who built the Central Pacific Railroad.
Sentence: Huntington helped lead and develop other major interstate lines.
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Mark Hopkins

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Textbook Definition: One of the four principal investors who formed the Central Pacific Railroad.

Sentence: Mark Hopkins was the eldest of his four partners.

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Leland Stanford

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Textbook Definition:One of the key investors of the Central Pacific Railroad.
 Sentence: "Rail barons" like the Central Pacific's Leland Stanford's and Charles Crocker made vast fortunes.

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Mary Elizabeth Lease

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Textbook Definition: American lecturer, writer, and political activist.

Sentence: In 1888, Mary Elizabeth began to work for the Union labor party and gave a speech at their state convention.

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Boomtowns

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Textbook Definition: Community that experience a sudden and rapid population and economic growth.

Sentence:Boomtowns are typically extremely dependent on the single activity or resource that is causing the the boom.
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Vigilantes

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Textbook Definition: A member of a self-appointed group that undertakes law enforcement without legal authority.

Sentence:Vigilante behavior involves various degrees of violence.
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"White Buffalo Hunters"

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Textbook Definition: White people who hunt buffalo.

Sentence: As the railroads moved onto the Great Plains, buffalo hunters followed.

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General Grant Sheiridan

p. 318

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Textbook Definition: Union Gerneral in Civil War.

Sentence: General Philip Sheridan supported Grant's decision.

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"Long Drive"

p. 345-346

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Textbook Definition:That summer cowboys herded a few thousand cattle from Texas to the Abilene stockyard, in which they called the "long drive."
 Sentence: During the long drive, cowboys worked 17 hours a day, seven days a week, for three to four months.

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Ghost Town

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Textbook Definition: Abandoned village or city

Sentence: There were many ghost towns in the West

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Vigilance Comitees

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Textbook Definition:Groups formed of private citizens to administer law and order where they considered governmental structure to be inadequete.
 Sentence: Honest miners fought back by forming "vigilance comitees" to control crime.

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Chivington Masacre

p.349

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Textbook Definition: Atrocity in the Indian wars that occured on November 29, 1864.

Sentence: The Chivingoton Masacre is also known as the Masacre of Cheyene Indian.

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Wovoka

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Textbook Definition: Northern Paiute religious leader.

Sentence: Wovoka founded the ghost dance.

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Susette La Fleshe

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Textbook Definition: Well known Native American writer, lecturer,interpreter, and artist of the Omaha tribe in Nebraska.

Sentence: Susette was a progressive spokesperson for Native American rights.

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Sun Dance

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Textbook Definition: A ceremony practiced by indiginous peoples of North America

Sentence: The sun dance is an agonizing ordeal for those who participate in it.

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Ghost Dance

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Textbook Definition: Religious movement that incoporated into numerous Native American belief systems. 

Sentence: The basis of the ghost dance is a circle dance with a traditional ritual.

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Geronimo

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Textbook Definition: Prominent leader of the Bedonkhe Apache.

Sentence:Geronimo was raised with the traditional religious views of the Bedonkhe.
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Wounded Lee

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Textbok Definition: Masacre on Decemeber 29, 1890 near Wounded Knee Creek.

Sentence: Nearly half of the Sioux killed at the 1890 Wounded Masacre were women and children.

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Fort Laramie

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Textbook Definition: Evolved into the largest and best known military post on the Northern Plains, before its abandoment in 1890.

Sentence: In 1860, Fort Laramie served as a Pony Express Station

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Dawes Act of 1887

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Textbook Definition:Adopted by Congress in 1887, authorized the President of the United States to survey American Indian tribal land and divide it into allotments for individual Indians.

Sentence: The Dawes Act was amended in 1891 , and again in 1906 by the Burke Act.

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Chisholm Trail

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Textbook Definition: Trail used in the late 19th century to drive cattle overland from ranches in Texas to Kansas railheads.

Sentence: Today some historians consider the Chisholm Trail to have started Donna, Texas, or at San Antonio Texas.

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Stockyard

P.545

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Textbook Definition: Large holding pen where cattle are kept temporaily.

Sentence: In1867, Joseph McCoy built a stockyard next to the railroad in Abilene, Texas. 

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Cowboy

p.435

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Textbook Definition:Tended their herds of cattle.
 Sentence: Many cowboys dreamed of getting their own herd and making their fortune in the rapidly growing cattle empire.

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Cowhand

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Textbook Definition: A person emplyed to tend or ranch cattle 

Sentence: Cowhands are also known as cowboys or cowgirls.

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Vaquero

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Textbook Definition: Horse-mounted livestock herder of a tradition. 

Sentence:Vaqueros were masters of the art of throwing a 60-foot rope long distances with amzaing accurnacy.
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Rancher

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Textbook Definition: People who own or operate a ranch.

Sentence: Americans learned cattle business from Mexican ranchers.

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Cowtown

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Textbook Definition: Towns were there is cattle ranching

Sentence: In the west there were many cowtowns.

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Sod

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Textbook Definition: Grass and the part of the soil beneath it held together by the roots or the peice of thin material.

Sentence: In the 1800's they had sod houses.

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Locust

PRICETAGS-I

Textbook Definition: Type of grasshopper

Sentence: The extinct locust species ranged from the western half of the united states and some protions of western Canada until the end of the 19th century.

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Helen Hudson Jackson

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Textbook Definition:American poet and writer who became an activist.
 Sentence: Helen Hunt Jackson's interests turned toward in 1879.

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Jim Perry

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Textbook Definition: Canadian-American television game host, singer announcer , and performer in the 1970's..

Sentence: Jim Perry was the announcer of many game shows.

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Mennonites

p.347

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Textbook Definition: Christion group based around the church communities.

Sentence: The Mennonites introduced a type of winter wheat that thrived on the plains.

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Sodbusters

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Textbook Definition: Farmers who moved onto the Great Plains in the late 1800's.

Sentence: Sodbusters are named for ploughing and working on the hard ground of the plains in order to plant their harvests.

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George Custer

p.350

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Textbook Definition:The trouble began when soldiers led by Indian fighter George Custer found gold in the black hills of Dakota Territory.
 Sentence: George Custer split up his troops, and the group that he led suddenly found itself surrounded by angry warriors.

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Tatonka Lyotaka

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Textbook Definition: A Hunkpapa Lakota chief

Sentence:Tatonka Lyotaka was also called "sitting bull."
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Indian Removal Act of 1830

p.349

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Textbook Definition: Under the Indian Removal Act of 1830, Native Americans had been promised lands in the Great Plains in exchange for giving up their homelands in the east.

Sentence:The Indian Removal Act was passes on on May 28, 1830.
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Sitting Bull

p. 349

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Textbook Definition: Sitting bull's Indian name was Tatanka Iyotaka.

Sentence: Dispite Sitting Bull's words, the buffalo were disappearing, and most Plains Indians had little choice but to move to reservations.

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 General  George Crook

p.349

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Textbook Definition: United States Army officer.

Sentence: General George Crook sympathized with the Indians.

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Little Big Horn

p.350

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Textbook Definition:The Battle of Little Big Horn soon becmae known by another name -Custer's Last Strand
Sentence: The battle was fought near the Little Big Horn River in present day Montana.

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Custer's Last Stand

p.350

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Textbook Definition:Custer's last stand was an armed engagement between combined forces of the Lakota, Northern Cheyenne, and Arapho tribes against the 7th Cavalry Regiment of the United States army.
 Sentence: The Battle of the Little Big Horn soon came to be known by -Custer's Last Stand.

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Travois

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Textbook Definition: A frame for restraining horses.
 Sentence: The travois were a type of transpotation during the west.

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Comstock Lode

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Textbook Definition: lode of silver ore

Sentence: The discovery of the comstock lode was in 1859.

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Henry Comstock

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Textbook Definition: American miner after who the comstock lode.

Sentence: For a couple of years Henry Comstock worked as a miner but failed to make his fortune.

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Exodusters

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Textbook Definition:African Americans who migrated from states along the Mississippi River to Kansas
 Sentence: The exodusters faced many hardships on their journey west.

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Exodus of 1879

p.334

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Textbook Definition: First general migration of blacks following the civil war-exoduster movement.

Sentence: Thousands of black families left the South for Kansas in the "Exodus of 1879."

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Boomers

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Textbook Definition:Group who wanted to open Oklaholma for settlement,
 Sentence: The Boomers were leaders of the Boomer movement.
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Sooners

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Textbook Definition:Legally crossed the line prior to the opening gun on April 1889 in order to stake claims on best land.
 Sentence: The sooners planned to immediatley resell their claims at profit

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April 22, 1889

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Textbook Definition: The land run started at high noon on April 22, 1889.

Sentence: There was an estimated number of 50,000 people at the land run in April 22, 1889

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September 16, 1893

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Textbook Definition: The Cherokee Strip Land Run happened on September 16, 1893 at noon.

Sentence: There were more than 100,000 participants in September 16, 1893 at Cherokee Strip Land Run.

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The Great Land Rush

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Textbook Definition: first land run in the unassigned lands.

Sentence: The Great Land Rush of Oklahoma was in 1889.

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