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Ch 11-12
Psych CH 11-12
42
Psychology
Undergraduate 2
07/21/2010

Additional Psychology Flashcards

 


 

Cards

Term
How is personality defined?
Definition

The pattern of psychological and behavioral characteristics by which each person can be compared and contrasted with other people. 

 

Unique pattern of enduring thoughts, feelings, and actions that characterize a person. 

Term
According to Freud, what are the three components of personality?
Definition

the id

the ego

the superego

Term
Why does the ego use defense mechanisms?
Definition

To prevent and protect against anxiety and guilt

(prevents threatening material from surfacing or disguises it)

Term
What are thefunctions of the three components of personality?
Definition

id- inborn inconscious life and death instincts (life-positive, constructive...death-aggressive, destructive)

 

ego- organizing ways to get what a person wants, reality

 

superego- moral guide, internalizing parental and cultural values, should and should not do

Term
What are the 8 defense mechanisms outlined in the textbook?
Definition

repression

rationalization

projection

reaction formation

sublimation

displacement

denial

compensation

Term
What are Freud's psychosexual stages of development?
Definition

oral stage

anal stage

phallic stage

latency period

genital stage

Term
What can happen at any stage if a person fails to resolve a conflict in that stage?
Definition
the person will remain "fixated" in that particular stage of pleasure
Term
What are some criticisms of Freud's personality theory?
Definition
people do not agree with infantile sexualism and the Oedipal complex...  non-Freudians explain personality based on intraversion/extraversion (Jung) and social needs (Adler, Erikson)
Term
How are traits defined by the trait approach to describing personality?
Definition

a set of stable characteristics that people display over time and across situations

 

(trait approach is that personality is based on the combination of traits that people display)

Term
What are examples or central and secondary traits according to Allport?
Definition

central- those that are obvious to others (letter of recommendation-what can be expected most of the time)

 

secondary- specific to certain situations, "dislikes crowds"

Term
What traits are included in the Big Five model of personality?
Definition

openness

conscientiousness

extraversion

agreeableness

neuroticism

 

Term
What have twin studies concluded about the influence of genetics on personality traits?
Definition
genetics do influence personality, but environment is more influential
Term
Are the personality traits of an adopted child more likely to resemble the biological or adoptive parents?
Definition
Term
How does the social-cognitive approach to personality differ from the trait approach?
Definition
the trait approach sees personality as an effect from traits, while the social-cognitive approach sees traits as an effect of learning to display (personality is learned)
Term
How did Rotter define internals and extenals as they relate to life expectations?
Definition

internals see that events are controlled by their own efforts (success based on hard work)

externals expect things to be controlled by external forces where they have no control (success based on luck)

Term
According to Bandura, how does a person's reciprocal determinism affect a person's own behavior and also the behavior of others toward him/her?
Definition
people observe behavior or act it out to see effects, these changes will affect how they think, which affects their behavior
Term
How can a high or low degree of sel-efficacy influence one's actual accomplishments in a given situation?
Definition

(the learned expectation of succes in a given situation)

 

high degree people know they can achieve regardless of past failures or current oobstacles

 

low degree people result in apathy or depression

Term
What is a criticism of the social-cognitive approach according to psychodynamic theorists?
Definition
social-cogntive theories do not have any role for unconscious thoughts and feelings i determining behaviors
Term
How does the humanistic approach differ from other approaches to personality?
Definition

humanistic approach focuses on characteristics that se humans apart (self-awareness, creativity, planning, decision making, responsibility)

instead of focusing on instincts and learning

Term
How is the typical behavior of a person who is self-actualized?
Definition

self-actualization is the reaching of one's full potential

the complete realization of talents

 

Term
How can conditions of worth help create a negative concept?
Definition

if used to evaluate the person instead of the behavior, the condition of worth is misunderstood to make the person feel like they are bad/wrong

(child drawing on the walls becoming overly tidy)

Term
According to Maslow, how does a deficiency orientation differ from a growth orientation?
Definition

deficiency orientation- preoccupation with perceived needs for material things (see life as meaningless, boredom... ex people love to feel security, not to give it to someone else)

 

growth orientation- do not focus on what is missing, focus on what they have, opens door to peak experience to feel joy

Term
How do objective and projective personality tests differ and what are examples of each?
Definition

projective-tests with unstructured stimuli whose responses give light to unconscious needs fantasies, etc. (TAT test, Rorschash Inkblot)

 

nonprojectve- ask clear questions,focused on certain traits (Big Five personality traits)

Term
What is psychopathology?
Definition
patterns of thinking and behaving that are maladaptive, disruptive, or uncomforable for the affected person or others
Term
In any given year, what percent of adult americans display some form of mental disorder? percent of children?
Definition

30% adult

20% children

Term
What is the practical approach to defining abnormal behavior?
Definition
the content of behavior (what the person does), the sociocultural context in which the behavior occurs, and the consequences of the behavior for that person and others
Term
What is the DSM-IV?
Definition

Diagnostic and Statistic Manual of Mental Disorders

 

the American Psychiatric Association's published classification system

Term
What is included under each axis of the DSM-IV?
Definition

 5 axes-dimensions

broad picture of each person's biological and psychological problems and of any sociocultural context factors

 

 

Term
What are the different types of anxiety disorders?
Definition

phobias

generalized anxiety

panic

OCD

Term
What is a panic-attack?
Definition

come without warning or cause

intense heart palpitations, pressure or pain in the chest,

sweating, dizziness, feeling faint

 

victims believe they are having a heart attack

Term
How do obsessions and compulsions differ?
Definition

obsessions-persistant upsetting unwanted thoughts

compulsions-repetitive behaviors

Term
What is a conversion disorder?
Definition
a person appears to be (but is not) blink, deaf, paralyzed, or insensitive to pain in various parts of the body
Term
What are the characteristics of someone with hyppochondriasis?
Definition
a strong, unjustified fear that one has or might get cancer, heart disease, AIDS or some other serious medical problem
Term
What are the differenttypes of dissociative disorders?
Definition

dissoiative fugue- sudden loss of personal memory and the adoption of a new identity in a new place

 

dissociative amnesia- sudden loss of memory about personal information but does not leave home

 

dissociative identity- more than one identity

Term
What are the different types of mood disorders?
Definition

(affective disorders)

 

major depression

dysthymic disorder

bipolar

cyclothymic personality

Term
Although women attempt suicide more often than men, which gender is more likely to kill themselves?
Definition
men are four times more likely to kill themselves
Term
What are the different tyes of schizophrenia?
Definition

paranoid

disorganized

catatonic

undifferentiated

residual

Term
How do hallunications and delusions differ?
Definition

delusions are false beliefs

hallucinations are false or distorted perceptions

Term
What are the different types of personality disorders and the symptoms of each type?
Definition
paranoid, schizoid, schizotypal, dependent, obsessive-compulsive, avodant, histrionic, narcissistic, borderlne, antisocial
Term
What are the characteristics of children with ADHD?
Definition

impulsive, inattentive, than other children their age

difficulty sitting still and controlling themselves

Term
What are the characteristics of a child who has autistic disorder?
Definition
little or no evidence of foring an attachment to their caregivers, disrupted language development
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