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Ch 10: Neuro
Test 3
174
Pathology
Undergraduate 3
04/01/2012

Additional Pathology Flashcards

 


 

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Term
General somatic afferent neurons
Definition
sensation: pain, touch, and temp
Term
visceral
Definition
in abdominal cavity
Term
Mechanoreceptor
Definition
tactile, deep-tissue
Term
photoreceptor
Definition
vision (function); rods and cones
Term
chemoreceptor
Definition
taste
Term
Sensory systems relay info throughout ________ to the ___ using _______ _________, ascending pathways, and __________ ___________.
Definition
periphery; CNS; sensory receptors; processing centers
Term
First order neurons
Definition
communicate sensory info from the periphery to the CNS
Term
second-order neurons
Definition
relay sensory input from reflex networks and sensory pathways DIRECTLY TO THE THALMUS
Term
THIRD-ORDER NEURONS
Definition
communicate sensory info FROM THE THALAMUS TO THE CEREBRAL CORTEX
Term
Three types of nerve fibers that are involved in the conduction of somatosensory impulses are
Definition
Types A, B, and C
Term
type A
Definition
largest diameter, myelinated, rapid impulses conduction
Term
type B
Definition
smaller diameter, myelinated, slower impulse conduction
Term
type C
Definition
smallest diameter, unmyelinated, slowest impulses conduction
Term
type A: delta
Definition
include pressure, touch, sensation, and heat pain
Term
type A: alpha and beta
Definition
promote inhibitory effects=diminished pain sensation
Term
Why do we have reffered pain?
Definition
DERMATOMES: (innervated by a single pair of dorsal root ganglia and reflect the segmental organization of the spinal cord
Term
discriminative pathways
Definition
communicate sensory info, including discriminative touch and spatial orientation
Term
two-point discrimination
Definition
discriminative pathway that allows the identification of an object based on touch or the location of skin touch in two different areas
Term
anterolateral pathway
Definition
involves both the anterior and the lateral spinothalamic pathways and is characterized by multiple synapses and slow conduction
Term
Awareness, recognition, identification, and interpretation of stimuli involve
Definition
processing
Term
somatosensory modalities
Definition
the specific nature of the perception of various stimuli
Term
acuity
Definition
the ability to locate the site of the initiation of a stimulus
Term
merkel's disk
Definition
movement of light objects over the skin, vibration
Term
pacinian corpuscle
Definition
detection of vibration
Term
hair follicle receptor
Definition
detection of movement on the surface of the body
Term
ruffin's ending
Definition
detection of heavy and continuous touch and pressure DEEP-TISSUE SENSATION
Term
thermoreceptors
Definition
receptors that recognize thermal sensation; located under the skin and include cold, warmth and pain receptors
Term
Limb/body movement and position sensation, independent of vision
Definition
where your eyes are closed, and you still feel sense that you're upside down
Term
nociceptive
Definition
a type of pain you feel when stimulus is outside nervous system
Term
neurogenic or neuropathic
Definition
pain originating within the nervous system
Term
nociceptor stimulation
Definition
induced after tissue injury by release of inflammatory mediators
Term
impulses
Definition
are transmitted to the dorsal horn of the spinal cord, synapsing with second-order neurons
Term
neurons
Definition
cross and ascend via the spinothalamic pathway to the reticular activating system (RAS) and thalamus
Term
localization and perception of pain occur in the
Definition
somatosensory cortex
Term
pattern theory
Definition
suggests that nerves transmitting pain impulses are shared with other senses
Term
shared pathways
Definition
influence perceived sensation
Term
specificity theory
Definition
sensations of touch, warmth, cold, and pain involve distinct receptors and pathways: specific nature of impulse generation is proposed to begin in a specific pain receptor
Term
gate control theory
Definition
most well-known theory; substantial gelatinosa is a gate control system, regulating transmission of pain impulses; stimulation of large type A beta and alpha inhibitory fibers "close the gate" at the substantial gelatinosa, preventing crossover and inhibiting pain impulse concussion along type A delta and type C fibers, diminishing pain perception
Term
chronic pain
Definition
pain lasts longer than 6 months; most common: back pain
Term
neuromatrix theory
Definition
pain is a multidimensional experience
Term
body-self neuromatrix
Definition
neural network in the brain containing somatosensory, limbic, and thalamocortical components; integrates multiple sourcesof input resulting in cognitive, affective, and sensory perceptions of pain
Term
neuromatrix theory
Definition
influenced by genetic, emotional, cultural, past experience, and stress regulation influences, contributing to individualized pain responses
Term
Controlling pain without drugs
Definition
cognitive-behavioral: imagery; biofeedback
physical agents: heat and cold
Term
controlling pain WITH drugs
Definition
non-narc: NSAIDS
opiods
Term
what NS is pain from?
Definition
parasympathetic nervous system
Term
cornea
Definition
clear; covers the eye
Term
pupil
Definition
dilates/constricts for light
Term
iris
Definition
colored part of the eye
Term
lens
Definition
contacts light and fine tones focus
Term
accomodate
Definition
ability of the lens to change its shape
Term
ciliary muscles
Definition
allows shape for vision
Term
chambers
Definition
compartments in the eye
Term
anterior chamber
Definition
switch behind the cornea
Term
posterior chamber
Definition
directly behind the iris, in front of the lens
Term
anterior chamber has:
Definition
retina, photoreceptor, rods, and rhodopsin
Term
retina
Definition
located over the posterior two-thirds of the eye
Term
photoreceptors
Definition
receptors sensitive to light; located in the retina
Term
rods
Definition
produce a photopigment
Term
rhodopsin
Definition
the photopigment that allows vision in dim light
Term
cones are most concentrated
Definition
by the fovea for visual acquit and bright light
Term
macula
Definition
center of the retina; responsible for central vision, color vision, and fine detail
Term
fovea
Definition
area in the center of the macula; site where cones are most concentrated
Term
visual processing
Definition
visual images are coordinated in the brain during this phase
Term
extraoccullar muscles are controlled by
Definition
cranial nerve III, IV, and VI; measured by the 6 cardinal fields of gaze
Term
saccades
Definition
looking from object A to object B
Term
pursuit
Definition
smoothly following a moving object
Term
convergence/divergence
Definition
both eyes turning inward/outward simultaneously [follow hand w/ eyes (cross-eyed)]
Term
vestibular
Definition
eyes sensing and adjusting to head movement via connections with nerves in the inner ear (roller coaster)
Term
fixation maintenance
Definition
minute eye movements that position and accommodate both eyes (look @ 1 object)
Term
lacrimal glands
Definition
produce tears
Term
ciliary body produce ______ _______ which is a _______ _______
Definition
aqueous humor; watery fluid
Term
trabecular network
Definition
meshlike structure in the canal of schlemm; where aqueous humor is reabsorbed
Term
myopia
Definition
imiage in front of retina; aka nearsightedness (can't see far away; correct with concave lens
Term
hyperopia
Definition
image behind the retina; aka farsightedness; correct with convex lens
Term
astigmatism
Definition
irregulr curvature of the lens; prevents the focusing of images; blurs vision
Term
presbyopia
Definition
condition of farsightedness r/t aging
Term
strabismus
Definition
the lack of coordinated extrinsic eye muscle function; prevents eyes from lining up in the same direction; aka crossed eyes; misalignment of visual axes=inability to focus on single object
Term
amblyopia
Definition
lazy eye
Term
diplopia
Definition
caused from lack of extra ocular muscles, results in dbl vision
Term
nystagmus
Definition
eyes move back and forth; caused from abnormal function in brain, labyrinth of inner ear, and vestibular pathways responsible for controlling eye movement
Term
conjunctivitis
Definition
aka pink eye; often viral;
Term
viral conjunctivitis
Definition
only ONE eye; lots of watering and small amy of discharge
Term
bacterial conjunctivitis
Definition
BOTH eyes; lots of purulent drainage; sinusitis can drain thru lacrimal gland
Term
allergic conjunctivitis
Definition
BOTH eyes; LOTS of clear watery;; plus itching and redness
Term
cataracts
Definition
hazing of the cornea; scatter incoming light into the retina
Term
glaucoma
Definition
increased IOP in the eye
Term
Test near distance:
Definition
handheld (yeagor test) sign: how far you hold it out to read it
Term
test far distance:
Definition
snellen chart: 20/20 means you see at 20 feet what every1 else sees at 20 feet
Term
LASIK sx
Definition
sx procedure used to treat myopia, hyperopia, and astigmatism
Term
pinna
Definition
top of outer ear
Term
external auditory meatus
Definition
opening of the ear canal
Term
cerumen
Definition
ear wax
Term
Most ear problems happen in the
Definition
middle ear
Term
tympanic membrane
Definition
eardrum
Term
ossicles
Definition
bones in the ear: comprised of: malleus, incus, and stapes
Term
cochlea
Definition
important for hearing
Term
organ of corti
Definition
contain hair cells: receptors that allow hearing (neuro)
Term
hair cell receptors
Definition
detect head position and acceleration; maintain body position and stable visual fields
Term
equilibrium and balance
Definition
impulses are transmitted to the cerebellum by the vestibular branch of acoustic nerve regulating this
Term
irrigation
Definition
process of removing cerumen
Term
otitis externa
Definition
inflame of the skin of the external ear, condition r/t pain and discomfort; aka swimmer's ear
Term
barotrauma
Definition
inability of the ear to equalize barometric stress
Term
otitis media
Definition
infection of middle ear: most common disorder of middle ear ESPECIALLY in children because of the position of their eustachian tube
Term
tympanic membrane must do what in order to hear?
Definition
move (vibrate)
Term
mastoiditis
Definition
bacterial infection causing inflame of air cells of mastoid bone=complications of otitis media
Term
ostosclerosis
Definition
AUTOSOMAL-DOMINANT CONDITION; most common cause of chronic, progressive, conductive hearing loss; slow formation of spongy bone at oval window immobilize and impairing vibration conduction
Term
presbycusis
Definition
sensorineural hearing loss consistent with aging
Term
meniere disease
Definition
very common; sever vertigo, sensorineural hearing loss, and tinnnitus, r/t overproduction or decreased absorption of endolymph
Term
labyrinthitis
Definition
inflame of labyrinth of the inner ear
Term
vertigo
Definition
feel like rooms spinnig
Term
dizziness
Definition
im spinning
Term
measure hearing in
Definition
decibels
Term
hertz
Definition
frequency or pitch of sound
Term
conductive hearing loss
Definition
outer or middle ear; temp or permanent; sever otitis media with fluid in ear for awhile, relieved by tube placement
Term
sensorineural hearing loss
Definition
often perm; because: disease, trauma, or genetics: defect in cochlea nerve cells; ototoxicity from lasix (example)
Term
mixed hearing loss
Definition
combo of both conductive and sensorineural
Term
processing disorder
Definition
alteration in auditory signal processing in brain
Term
tympanometry
Definition
measures the degree of movement of tympanic membrane to ident middle ear fluid, perforation, or cerumen blockage
Term
acoustic reflex measurement
Definition
determines movement of tympanic membrane in response to sound
Term
pure tone bone conduction
Definition
evaluate inner ear, vibrator tuner fork thing*
Term
taste is mediated by
Definition
chemoreceptors
Term
each part of the toungue
Definition
tastes something different
Term
cochlear implants
Definition
artifical devices surgically placed behind the ear
Term
taste impulses travel along what cranial nerves?
Definition
facial nerve (VII) and glossopharyngeal nerve (IX)
Term
taste is due to
Definition
olfactory
Term
olfaction
Definition
sense of smell; located in nasal cavity
Term
taste is processed in the
Definition
thalamus
Term
fibromyalgia
Definition
condition of the soft tissues and muscles; impulse/pain problem; simp are very subjective; cause UNK;
Term
S/S of fibromylgia
Definition
fatigue; pain all over; depression (may be due to fibromyalgia, or fibromyalgia may be due to depression)
Term
Dxing fibromyalgia
Definition
pain must be present in 11 of the 18 tender point sites; trigger points?
Term
trigger points
Definition
induce reffered pain to other parts of the body, which is thought to be caused by pressure on blood vessels and nerves by fibrous bands causing tightening of myofascia
Term
myofascia
Definition
outer membrane of muscle tissue
Term
Tx for fibromyalgia
Definition
no cure; treat symptoms; cognitive behavior therapy, stress reduction, gentle exercise, drugs
Term
drugs for fibromyalgia
Definition
NSAIDs, tricyclic anti-depressives, muscle relaxants, LYRICA-treats neuropathic pain
Term
migraine headaches
Definition
moderate-severe; last 1-2 dyas r/t N/V, sensit. to noise and light; cause UNK; likely caused by neuro and biochemical events
Term
S/S of migraines
Definition
UNILATERAL, pulsing, throbbing; AURA: predict the onset of migraine; prodromal symptoms: 1-2 days before onset: includes increased energy, sweet cravings
Term
Dxing migraines
Definition
H&P, MRI, CT (these check for brain tumor)
Term
Tx for migraines
Definition
prevention
Term
Prevent migraines
Definition
2 or more migraines/month, using pain relieving meds more than twice/week; alagesics do not relieve; experiencing uncommon migraines (w/ an aura)
Term
to Prevent migraines
Definition
avoid triggers, reg exercise, stop smoking (vasospasms in the brain), hormone level stabilization
Term
Drugs for migraines
Definition
NSAIDs, antiseizure meds, BB, CCB, antidepressants (serotonin levels affected), triptans, ergot meds
Term
triptans
Definition
mimic serotonin action, promoting vasoconstriction ; take on onset
Term
ergots
Definition
stimulate vasoconstriction
Term
Acute otitis media (AOM)
Definition
infection of the middle ear; fluid allows bacteria to grow; assoc. with URI, especially in KIDS (eustachian tube)
Term
Otitis media with effusion (OME)
Definition
fluid trapped by obstruction in eustachian tube; not assoc with inflammation; INFECTION CAN LEAVE, bu fluid may not leave=hard, no vibration=nohearing=may be permanent depending
Term
tympanic membrane should be
Definition
pearly gray, NOT bright red
Term
S/S of OM
Definition
acute pain, runny nose, fever, impaired hearing, perforated tympanic membrane (if bad enough)
Term
AOM S/S
Definition
may be recurrent (3 or more in 6 months, or 4 or more in one year)
Term
OME S/S
Definition
just effusion!!, no inflammation
Term
test for OM with:
Definition
push air into canal to see if it vibrates? fluid=immobile
Term
Dxing OM
Definition
Hx of acute onset?; otoscopic exam: effusion?=bulging tympanic membrane, immobile?, visible air-fluid level; otorrhea (ear canal discharge)
Term
Tx for OM
Definition
A/B for AOM; observation for OME
Term
meniere disease
Definition
altered vestibular function; targeted to the labyrinth component of the inner ear; causing vertigo, tinnitus, hearing loss, pressure, and pain
Term
S/S of meniere disease
Definition
unilateral: VERTIGO, N/V, hearing loss, pressure, pain, tinnitus
Term
Dxing meniere disease
Definition
glycerol test: identifies inner ear volume excess;
Term
Tx for meniere disease
Definition
treat symptoms, excess body fluid, stop smoking, reduce stress
Term
Drugs for meniere disease
Definition
diuretics, antiemetics
Term
macular degernation
Definition
FOVEA DEGENERATES; loss central vision, two forms: dry and wet;
Term
dry MD
Definition
most common case; cause: deposition of drusen (small yellow deposits) under macula next to basement membrane
Term
wet MD
Definition
on retina, blood vessels burst: doesn't kill retina
Term
S/S of MD
Definition
central vission distortion; GENETIC, BLINDNESS
Term
S/S of dry MD
Definition
slow
Term
S/S of Wet MD
Definition
rapid and severe; dark central spot
Term
Tx MD
Definition
wet- laser therapy; meds that inhibit vessel growth; NO TX FOR DRY
Term
glaucoma
Definition
increased IOP; vision loss b/c of optic nerve damage; second leading cause of blindness among elderly and leading cause of preventable blindness in the USA
Term
primary open angle glaucoma
Definition
trabecular network clogged=impaired aqueous humor drainage leading to increased IOP
Term
angle closure
Definition
rapid pop from blocked aqueous humor drainage; poor blood flow to optic nerve
Term
TX for glaucoma
Definition
eye drops (decrease IOP);
Term
S/S of primary open angle
Definition
Gradual, irreversible vision loss; Blind spots in field of vision; Initially limited to periphery; Progresses centrally
MOST COMMON
Term
S/S of acute angle closure
Definition
MEDICAL EMERGENCY!!! Induced by increased pupil dilation Eye pain Headache Nausea Blurred vision Rainbows around lights at night Damage to optic nerve leads to vision loss
Term
retinopathy of prematurity ROP
Definition
leading childhood cause of blindness; infants born prematurely; normal: blood vessels in retina develop later on in life; high levels of O2 over form blood vessels; IMPAIRED DEVELOPMENT OF RETINAL BLOOD VESSELS; Phase 1: Arrested growth Phase 2: Unregulated growth Hemorrhage and scarring promotes retinal detachment
Term
S/S of ROP
Definition
Leukocoria (white pupils) Nystagmus (abnormal eye movements) Strabismus (crossed eyes) Myopia (severe nearsightedness)
Term
Dxing ROP
Definition
Based on morphology of retinal blood vessels Stage 1 Mildly abnormal blood vessel growth Spontaneous resolution Likely develop normal vision; Stage 2 Moderately abnormal blood vessel growth Spontaneous resolution Likely develop normal vision Stage 3 Severely abnormal blood vessel growth Some develop normal vision without treatment; Stage 3 Plus Abnormal growth patterns with enlarged (dilation) or twisted (tortuosity) vessels Requires early treatment to prevent retinal detachment Stage 4 Partially detached retina Requires immediate treatment to save vision; Stage 5 Completely detached retina Hemorrhage
Term
Tx for ROP
Definition
laser, cryotherapy, scleral buckle; vitrectomy A/B CAN CAUSE IN PREMIS
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