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Cervical Spine Evaluation
Prevention and Care of Athletic Injuries - The Cervical Spine
28
Medical
Undergraduate 3
07/01/2009

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Cards

Term
vertebrae types
Definition
7 cervical, 12 thoracic, 5 lumbar, 5 sacral
Term
parts of a vertebrae
Definition
body, spinous process, transverse process, lamina, pedicle, facet joint
Term
C1 Vertebrae
Definition
Atlas - supports weight of skull, articulates with occiput
Term
C2 Vertebrae
Definition
Axis - articulates with atlas
Term
fibrocartilaginous tissue
Definition
shock absorbers
Term
annulus fibrosis
Definition
tough, dense outer layer
Term
nucleus pulposus
Definition
semifluid, flexible center
Term
Cervical spine motions
Definition
flexion/extension, right and left rotation, right and left lateral flexion
Term
anterior longitudinal ligament
Definition
spans the length of vertebral column, broad and thick, from occiput to sacrum, attaches to vertebral bodies and disks, limits extension, reinforces anterior portion of disks
Term
posterior longitudinal ligament
Definition
extends from occiput down vertebral column, starts thick and thins out, lines anterior portion of canal, fans out and thickens as it passes over disks, limits flexion, reinforces posterior aspect of disk
Term
facet joints
Definition
superior facets articulate with inferior facets of vertebrae just above
Term
Atlanto-Occipital
Definition
formed by atlas and occipital bone
Term
Atlanto-Axial Joint
Definition
Articulation between C1 (atlas) and C2 (axis)
Term
Muscles Acting on C-Spine
Definition
Sternocleidomastoid, Scalenes (3 bands), Trapezius (3 bands)
Term
Brachial Plexus
Definition
Supplies upper portion of shoulder, arm and hand (C5-T1 spinal nerve roots)
Term
Observation/Inspection of C-Spine Injuries
Definition
Check vertebral alignment (lordosis, kyphosis, scoliosis), position of head, soft tissue comparison, level of shoulders, rule out Fx or Dx
Term
Neurological Testing for C-Spine
Definition
Upper extremity screening (myotomes C4-T1, L1-S2), Dermotomes (C4-T1, L1-S2), reflexes, babinski test, oppenheim test (upper motor neuron lesions)
Term
whiplash
Definition
sudden or forced flexsion, extension or rotation, symtoms include pain, point tenderness, stiffness, muscle spasm, restricted ROM
Term
Torticollis
Definition
prolonged tightening and irritation of musculature due to posture (non-traumatic, stiff neck or wryneck), signs include inability to turn head, pain on palpation, turn body/trunk rather than head
Term
Brachial Plexus Injury
Definition
also known as "burner" or "stinger", overstretching of brachial plexus, neck usually forced into lateral flexion/shoulder depressed
Term
Erb's Point
Definition
most superficial point of the brachial plexus (superior to clavicle), signs include burning sensation, numbness & tingling, pain radiating from shoulder to hand, loss of function in arm & hand
Term
Cervical Disc Disease and Herniation
Definition
Tears or cracks in annulus fibrosis - nucleus pulposus protrudes through putting pressure on nerve root, repetitive cervical loading during contact sports, abnormal stresses (trauma, degenerative changes, sports)
Term
Herniated Disk
Definition
signs: radiating pain in arm & hand, pain may spread across back, muscle weakness & poor reflexes, dimished sensation, shoulder abduction test
Term
Cervical Nerve Root Impingement
Definition
Acute injuries-frequent in collision/contact sports, whiplash
chronic- poor postural habits, repetitive movements, decreased flexibility, muscular insufficiency
- pressure on nerve root results in degenerative disk changes, acute disk trauma, exotosis, inflammation from ligament or muscle pathology
Term
C-Spine Fracture/Dislocation
Definition
Relatively uncommon, axial load, spine at 30-0 degrees, vertebral body fractures worse outcome than spinous process and transverse process, due to gymnastics, ice hockey, diving, football, rugby
- common to 4th, 5th, 6th cervical vertebrae (can be a combination of Fx or Dx)
Term
C-Spine Stenosis
Definition
-narrowing of spinal cord, impingement of spinal cord, congenital, gradual degeneration, exotosis, disk changes
- signs: narrowing of spinal canal, transient paralysis (10-15 minutes), burning, tingling, weakness
Term
Spondylolysis
Definition
breaking down of a vertebral structure, pars interarticularis, stress fracture
Term
Spondylolisthesis
Definition
forward slippage of one vertebrae on the one below (L5-S1)
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