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Cellular Respiration & Metabolism
Matt Hobbs
59
Physiology
Undergraduate 3
09/15/2011

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Term
What are all the reactions in the body that involve energy transformation?
Definition
Metabolism
Term
What are the two categories of metabolism?
Definition
Anabolism & Catabolism
Term
What are reactions that release energy, usually by the breakdown of larger organic molecules into smaller molecules?
Definition
catabolism
Term
What are reactions that require the input of energy and include the synthesis of large energy-storage molecules such as glycogen, fat, and protein?
Definition
anabolism
Term
What is the process in which energy from food substances is partially captured in ATP?
Definition
Cellular Respiration
Term
What component of cellular respiration uses oxygen as the final electron acceptor?
Definition
Aerobic Respiration
Term
What component of cellular respiration does not use oxygen as the final electron acceptor?
Definition
Anaerobic Respiration
Term
What are the two sources of blood glucose?
Definition
The GI tract and the liver
Term
What metabolic pathway occurs in the cytoplasm and begins the breakdown of glucose in order to package the energy within glucose in ATP?
Definition
Glycolysis
Term
Where does glycolysis occur within the cell?
Definition
The Cytoplasm
Term
Glycolysis results in the conversion of glucose to what molecules?
Definition
Two Pyruvic Acid molecules
Term
How many carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen atoms occur in glucose?
Definition
C6H12O6
Term
How many atoms of carbon hydrogen and oxygen occur in a molecule of Pyruvic acid?
Definition
C3H4O3
Term
What becomes of the two hydrogens lost in the conversion of a molecule of glucose to two molecules of pyruvic acid?
Definition
NAD captures them thus becoming NADH + H+
Term
Is glycolysis exergonic or endergonic?
Definition
exergonic
Term
How is ATP used in glycolysis?
Definition
ATP is used to phyophorylate glucose
Term
What is the net gain of ATP from glycolysis?
Definition
2
Term
other than glucose, what molecule must occur in adequate amounts in order that glycolysis may continue?
Definition
NAD
Term
What metabolic pathway allows glycolysis to continue when oxygen is not available in sufficient amounts for aerobic metabolism to occur?
Definition
anaerobic metabolism or lactic acid fermentation
Term
In what form is glucose stored in cells?
Definition
glycogen
Term
What metabolic process produces glycogen?
Definition
glycogenesis
Term
What metabolic process produces glucose-6-phosphate from glycogen?
Definition
glycogenolysis
Term
What is the only organ in the body with the ability to release free glucose from the glycogen?
Definition
Liver
Term
What is the process in which non carbohydrate molecules such as lactic acids and amino acids are converted to glucose?
Definition
gluconeogenesis
Term
What is the exchange of lactic from muscles to the liver and the glucose formed through gluconeogenesis in the liver to muscles?
Definition
Cori Cycle
Term
What metabolic pathway converts pyruvic acid into Acetyl CoA?
Definition
The transition reaction
Term
Where in the cell does the transition reaction take place?
Definition
The Mitochondria
Term
What are the productions of the transition reaction?
Definition
For each molecule of pyruvic acid, an NADH + H+ and a molecule of CO2 and a molecule of Acetyl CoA are formed
Term
What are synonyms for the Krebs cycle?
Definition
the citric acid cycle or the tricarboxylic acid cycle (TCA cycle)
Term
What waste product is given off by the Krebs cycle?
Definition
Two molecules of CO2
Term
What products produced by the Krebs cycle may be used as immediate sources of energy or may be used to create such sources?
Definition
one ATP, 3 NADH + H+, 1 FADH2
Term
Where in the cell does the Krebs cycle take place?
Definition
The matrices of the mitochondria
Term
What metabolic pathway is responsible for producing the most ATP?
Definition
The electron transport system
Term
What becomes of the Oxygen (O2) that is breathed in?
Definition
It functions as the final electron receptor in the electron transport system
Term
What process takes place as ATP is formed through the coupling of the electron-transport system with the phosphorylation of ADP?
Definition
Oxidative phosphorylation
Term
Where in the cell is the electron transport system located?
Definition
The cristae of the mitochondria
Term
What molecule is used to build fat from glucose? This molecule is also the first to enter the Krebs cycle after glycolysis.
Definition
Acetyl CoA
Term
What is the formation of fat?
Definition
lipogenesis
Term
How many kilocalories are in one gram of fat?
Definition
9
Term
How many kilocalories are in one gram of carbohydrate or protein?
Definition
4
Term
In what process is fat broken down?
Definition
Lipolysis
Term
What becomes of glycerol left from the break down of triglycerides?
Definition
The liver converts it to glucose through gluconeogenesis
Term
In what process are two carbon acetic acid molecules removed from the acid end of a fatty acid chain and converted to Acetyl CoA to enter the Krebs cycle?
Definition
beta-oxidation
Term
What tissue uses mitochondria to produce heat?
Definition
brown fat
Term
In what stage of life is brown fat more common?
Definition
Neonatal stage
Term
What substances are formed when the rate of lipolysis exceeds the rate of fatty acid utilization and the liver has sufficient amounts of ATP?
Definition
Ketone Bodies
Term
What conditions might lead to Ketosis?
Definition
Starvation, dieting, diabetes mellitis
Term
What condition occurs when the amount of nitrogen ingested in amino acids exceeds the amount excreted?
Definition
positive nitrogen balance
Term
What condition occurs when the amount of nitrogen being excreted exceeds the amount ingested?
Definition
Negative Nitrogen balance
Term
What condition occurs when the amount of nitrogen ingested equals the amount excreted?
Definition
Nitrogen balance
Term
How many different amino acids are there?
Definition
20
Term
What are amino acids which cannot be produced by the body and must be ingested?
Definition
essential amino acids
Term
What type of amino acid may be produced by the body given sufficient amounts of carbohydrates and essential amino acids?
Definition
nonessential
Term
What are substances that may be converted to amino acids by the addition of an amine group?
Definition
Keto Acids
Term
What substances are collectively known as keto acids?
Definition
Pyruvic acid and the krebs cycle acids
Term
In what type of reaction is the amine group transferred from one amino acid to form another?
Definition
transamination
Term
What process removes the amine group from an amino acid which can then be transformed to pyruvic acid or one of the Krebs cycle acids to be respired for energy, converted to fat or converted to glucose?
Definition
oxidation deamination
Term
What molecule in the blood serve as energy sources for different organs?
Definition
glucose, fatty acids, ketone bodies, lactic acid
Term
What is the main source of energy for the brain?
Definition
glucose
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