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Cellular Messenger Systems
Exam I
62
Physiology
Graduate
06/19/2011

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Term
Name 8 major functions of proteins
Definition
1. Enzymatic
2. Mechanical
3. Structural
4. Cell Signaling
5. Cell Adhesion
6. Carrier Molecule
7. Binding Proteins
8. Influence oncotic pressure
Term
The majority of proteins act as __ that catalyze reactions
Definition
Enzymes
Term
Most of the substrates and intermediate catalysts for the metabolic processes (Glycolysis, TCA, and oxydative phosphorylation ) are what?
Definition
Enzymatic Proteins
Term
Mechanical proteins can provide motor functionality to cells, meaning they can actually MOVE a cell. Name 2 proteins that mechanically cause contraction of a cell.
Definition
Actin and Myosin
Term
These types of proteins are cytoskeletal and provide stability, size, and shape of cells.
Definition
Structural Proteins
Term
In neurons, these types of proteins shuttle neurotransmitters down to the ends of the neurons.
Definition
Structural proteins
Term
Cell signaling proteins can participate in cell communication in what 2 ways?
Definition
Receptors
Signal
Term
This type of protein acts as a membrane receptor, both intra- and extracellular to pick up the message.
Definition
Receptor Cell Signaling Protein
Term
This type of protein acts as the signal itself to be the message. Ex: insulin in ECF
Definition
Signal Cell Signaling Protein
Term
This type of protein can bind cells or act as junctions between cells (gap junctions, cadherins in desmosomes)
Definition
Cell Adhesion Proteins
Term
This type of protein participates in transporting molecules in the blood and interstitium
Definition
Carrier Molecule Proteins
Term
What is the carrier protein that transports O2?
Definition
Hemoglobin
Term
These types of proteins can stabilize free molecules for transport
Definition
Binding Proteins
Term
These types of proteins participate a lot in gene transcription
Definition
Hormone Binding Proteins
Term
Being bound by a protein keeps it ___ until it needs to be used.
Definition
Inactive
Term
Also known as colloid osmotic pressure
Definition
Influence Oncotic Pressure
Term
Caused by the concentration of proteins in a solution
Definition
Influence oncotic pressure
Term
Influence oncotic pressure is a form of osmotic pressure. Oncotic pressure is exerted on the internal membranes of vasculature and tends to do what?
Definition
Pull water into the circulatory system
Term
When plasma protein is low, water tends to do what?
Definition
Leak out of capillaries into the tissue (edema)
Term
IV therapies can be used to replace lost proteins by using what?
Definition
Colloid solutions (contains proteins)
Term
___ is a colloid solution
Definition
Blood
Term
What is used if a patient lost a large amount of blood like from a transfusion or hemmorhage?
Definition
Colloid solution
Term
Proteins that are located in the plasma portion of the blood
Definition
Serum Proteins
Term
How do proteins help oncotic pressure?
Definition
They are too large to freely float out of the capillaries. This works to increase oncotic pressure and prevents H2O from leaking out.
Term
What is the normal serum total protein level?
Definition
7 g/dL
Term
What is the most abundant serum protein?
Definition
Albumin (50-60% of proteins)
Term
Where is albumin synthesized?
Definition
Liver
Term
Generally refers to any plasma protein that is water soluble and heat denatured
Definition
Albumin
Term
Binds water, cations, fatty acids, bilirubin, drugs, steroids and thyroid hormones.
Definition
Albumins
Term
What is the main function of albumin?
Definition
to regulate oncotic pressure (between the vasculature and tissues)
Term
Normal albumin levels in serum?
Definition
3.4-5.4 g/dL
Term
Normal albumin levels in urine
Definition
Term
Low serum albumin in blood
Definition
Hypoalbuminemia
Term
Is hypo or hyper albuminemia more common?
Definition
Hypoalbuminemia
Term
Hypoalbuminemia can be indicative of __ disease or excess excretion by __
Definition
Liver
Kidney
Term
Why might hypoalbuminemia be indicative of liver disease?
Definition
Because albumin is made in the liver
Term
Why might hypoalbuminemia mean excess excretion by the kidneys?
Definition
Because the blood is being filtered too much
Term
The process of pushing fluids back into the vascular system
Definition
Excretion
Term
The process of pushing fluids out of the body
Definition
Secretion
Term
Name 4 possible causes of hypoalbuminemia
Definition
1. Liver disease
2. excess excretion by kidneys
3. Burns
4. Acute dz states
Term
Why might burns be a cause of hypoalbuminemia?
Definition
Plasma loss
Term
Why might acute dz states cause hypoalbuminemia?
Definition
Albumin is downregulated by inflammation
Term
High levels of albumin in the blood
Definition
Hyperalbuminemia
Term
What might hyperalbuminemia cause?
Definition
Severe/chronic dehydration (pulling water out of cells because of high albumin in cells
Term
Chemical messengers bind to proteins called what?
Definition
Receptors
Term
The decreased production of receptors
Definition
Downregulation
Term
How many receptors are bound at one time
Definition
Saturation
Term
Most chemical messengers are water-soluble and bind to receptors located where?
Definition
plasma membrane
Term
Some binding sites can have multiple ligands competing to bind to that specific receptor
Definition
Receptor Competition
Term
Binds to receptor and stimulates the response
Definition
Agonist
Term
Binds to the receptor and inhibits the cell response
Definition
Antagonist
Term
The concept of a receptor being activated and what happens after that
Definition
Signal Transduction Pathway
Term
Plasma membrane receptors can be classified based on the signal transduction pathway they use. Name 7.
Definition
1. Ligand gated ion channels
2. Enzyme regulated
3. JAKs
4. G-protein coupled
5. cAMP
6. Phos C, DAC, and IP3
7.. Ca2++ messenger systems
Term
The process by which the stimulus is converted into a cellular response
Definition
Transduction pathway
Term
Give an example of a lipid soluble molecule
Definition
Hormones (steroid, thyroid)
Term
Give a few examples of water-soluble molecules
Definition
NaCl
Serotonin
Glutamate
Autocrine and Paracrine
Term
These do not need a receptor to get in, they can dissolve thru the membrane
Definition
Lipid soluble molecules
Term
These primarily bind to extracellular receptors
Definition
Water-soluble molecules
Term
The product of gene transcription is to synthesize what?
Definition
proteins
Term
If a receptor is on the nuclear membrane what is it called?
Definition
Intracellular
Term
Intracellular receptors are primarily involved in what?
Definition
gene transcription
Term
Ca2++ messenger systems: the 1st messenger binds to the extracellular receptor, the 2nd messenger is inside the cell. It can depolarize cells and diffuse into the cell to induce what?
Definition
gene transcription
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