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Cells, Tissues and Organs
AQA GCSE B2 Chapter 1
31
Biology
Intermediate
05/25/2016

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Cards

Term

 

 

 

Nucleus

 

Definition





Controls all the activities of the cell.  It contains the genes on the chromosomes.  They carry the instructions for making new cells or new organisms.

Term

 

 

 

Cytoplasm

Definition





A liquid gel in which most of the chemical reactions needed for life take place.

Term

 

 

 

 

Cell Membrane

Definition

 

 

 

 

Controls the passage of substances into and out of the cell

Term

 

 

 

 

Mitochondria

Definition

 

 

 

 

Structures in the cytoplasm where oxygen is used and most of the energy is released during respiration

Term

 

 

 

 

Ribosomes

Definition

 

 

 

 

Where protein synthesis takes place.  All the proteins needed in the cell are made here.

Term

 

 

 

 

Cell Wall

Definition

 

 

 

 

Made of cellulose which strengthens the cell and gives it support.

Term

 

 

 

 

Chloroplasts

Definition

 

 

 

 

Found in all the green parts of the plant.  They are green because they contain a green substance called chlorophyll.

Term

 

 

 

 

Chlorophyll

Definition

 

 

 

 

Absorbs light energy to make food by photosynthesis.

Term

 

 

 

 

Permanent Vacuole

Definition

 

 

 

 

A space in the cytoplasm filled with cell sap.  This is important for keeping the cells rigid to support the plant.

Term

 

 

 

What are the main features found in all living cells?

Definition

 

 

 

 

Nucleus, cytoplasm, cell membrane, mitochondria, ribosomes

Term

 

 

 

How do plant cells differ from animal cells?

Definition

 

 

 

 

Plant cells have all the features that animal cells have, but they also contain a cell wall, chloroplasts and a permanent vacuole.

Term

 

 

 

 

How are bacteria different from animal and plant cells?

Definition

 

 

 

Unlike animal and plant cells, the genes in a bacterial cell are not contianed in a nucleus.  The long strand of DNA is usully circular and is found free in the cytoplasm.

Term

 

 

 

 

How do yeast cells differ from bacteria cells?

Definition

 

 

 

Yeast cells are bigger than bacteria, but still very small.  They also reproduce by asexual budding.

Term

 

 

 

What is asexual budding?

Definition

 

 

 

 

A form of asexual reproduction where a complete new individual forms as a bud on the parent organism.

Term

 

 

 

 

Aerobic Respiration

Definition

 

 

 

 

Breaking down food using oxygen to release energy for the cells.

Term

 

 

 

 

Fermentation

Definition

 

 

 

The reaction in which the enzymes in yeast turn glucose into ethanol and carbon dioxide.

Term

 

 

 

How are fat cells specialised?

Definition

 

  • They have a small amount of cytoplasm and large amounts of fat
  • They have few mitochondria as the cell needs very little energy
  • They can expand - a fat cell can end up 1000 times its original size as it fills up with fat
Term

 

 

 

How are cone cells specialised?

Definition

 

  • The outer segment contains a special chemical which changes chemically in coloured light
  • The middle segment is packed full of mitochondria to release the energy needed to reform the pigment
  • They have specialised synapses that connect to the optical nerve which pass impulses to the brain
Term

 

 

 

How are root hair cells specialised?

Definition

 

  • They have lots of little hairs on the surface to increase the surface area for water to move into the cell
  • They have a large permanent vacuole that speeds up the movement of water by osmosis from the soil across the cell
Term

 

 

 

How are sperm cells specialised?

Definition
  • A long tail that whips from side to side and helps it move towards the egg
  • The middle section is full of mitochondria, which provides the energy for the tail to work
  • The acrosome stores digestive enzymes for breaking down the outer layers of the egg
  • A large nucleus contains the genetic information to be passed on
Term

 

 

 

What is diffusion?

Definition

 

 

Diffusion is the spreading out of the particles of a gas, or of any substance in solution.  This results in the overall movement of the substance.  This movement id from high concentration to low concentration.

Term

 

 

 

What affects the rate of diffusion?

Definition

 

 

 

The greater the difference in concentration, the faster the rate of diffusion.

 

The difference between two areas of concentration is called the concentration gradient.

Term

 

 

 

What is a tissue?

Definition

 

 

A tissue is a group of cells with similar structure and function working together.

 

e.g. muscle tissue, glandular tissue, mesophyll tissue

Term

 

 

 

What is an organ?

Definition

 

 

 

Organs are made up of tissues.  One organ can contain several tissues, all working together.  For example, the stomach is an organ involved in digesting food.  It contains muscular tissue, glandular tissue and epithelial tissue

Term

 

 

 

What is the digestive system and what does it do?

Definition

 

 

 

The digestive system in a mammal is an example of a system where substances are exchanged with the environment.

Term

 

 

 

What is an organ system?

Definition

 

 

 

Organ systems are groups of organs that perform a particulr function.

Term

 

 

 

What are the main organs in a plant?

Definition

 

 

 

Plant organs include stems, roots and leaves.

Term

 

 

 

What is the function of the stem?

Definition

 

 

 

Provides support in plants

Term

 

 

 

What is the function of the roots?

Definition

 

 

 

Anchoring plants and obtaining water and minerals from the soil

Term

 

 

 

What is the function of the small intestine?

Definition

 

 

 

Breaking down large insoluble molecules into smaller soluble molecules

Term

 

 

 

What is the function of the leaf?

Definition

 

 

 

Photosynthesising in plants

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