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Cells
Matt Hobbs
75
Physiology
Undergraduate 3
09/19/2011

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Cards

Term
What is the basic structural and functional unit of life?
Definition
The cell
Term
Cells come in many sizes and shapes. Why?
Definition
Form follows function
Term
What structure surrounds the cell and gives it form and separates it from the external environment?
Definition
Plasma (Cell) Membrane
Term
What portion of the cell lies between the cell membrane and the nucleus?
Definition
Cytoplasm
Term
What is the fluid portion of the cytoplasm?
Definition
Cytosol
Term
What are the subcellular structures in the cytoplasm that perform specific functions?
Definition
Organelles
Term
What structure within the cell contains the genetic material and acts as the control center for the cell?
Definition
Nucleus
Term
What are the two primary components of all the cell membranes?
Definition
Phospholipids and proteins
Term
What are proteins in the cell membrane that are only partially embedded on one side of the membrane?
Definition
Peripheral Proteins
Term
What are proteins embedded in the cell membrane that span the membrane from one side to the other?
Definition
Integral proteins
Term
What term describes the constantly moving and changing characteristic of the cell membrane?
Definition
Fluid-Mosaic model
Term
Through what process may objects outside of a cell be ingested or eaten as false feet (Pseudopods) extend around them from the cell?
Definition
Phagocytosis
Term
Through what process are objects brought into the cell by the cell membrane forming furrows inward?
Definition
Endocytosis
Term
What form of endocytosis is nonspecific?
Definition
Pinocytosis
Term
What process of endocytosis is specific to only certain molecules?
Definition
Receptor-Mediated Endocytosis
Term
Through what process are cellular products secreted into the extracellular environment?
Definition
Exocytosis
Term
What cellular organelle is hair-like and beats to move objects?
Definition
Cilia
Term
What whip-like organelle propels a sperm?
Definition
flagellum
Term
What immobile, hair like structures on some cells increase surface area?
Definition
Microvilli
Term
What lattice work of microfilaments and microtubules give shape to a cell and allow it to change shape?
Definition
Cytoskeleton
Term
What are aggregations of stored chemicals within some cells?
Definition
Inclusions
Term
What organelle functions as the digestive system of the cell?
Definition
Lysosomes
Term
What membrane enclosed organelle contains several specific enzymes that promote oxidative reactions?
Definition
Peroxisomes
Term
What organelle is the power house of the cell?
Definition
Mitochondria
Term
What is the inner, fluid portion of the mitochondrion?
Definition
The matrix
Term
What are shelves of a matochondrion?
Definition
Cristae
Term
Other than the nucleus, what organelle contains DNA?
Definition
Mitochondria
Term
What organelles are particles that act as protein factories of the cell?
Definition
Ribosomes
Term
What extensive membranous organelle often appears ribbon like within the cytoplasm?
Definition
Endoplasmic Reticulum
Term
What extensive ribbon like organelle is covered with ribosomes?
Definition
Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum
Term
What extensive ribbon like organelle lacks ribosomes and has a wide variety of functions such as detoxification or calcium storage?
Definition
Smooth endoplasmic reticulum
Term
What organelle functions as the packaging system of the cell?
Definition
Golgi apparatus
Term
What membrane encloses the nucleus?
Definition
Nuclear membrane
Term
What are openings in the nuclear membrane?
Definition
Nuclear pores
Term
What process involves the synthesis of mRNA and thus the copying of the message on DNA?
Definition
transcription
Term
What process involves the synthesis of protein?
Definition
Translation
Term
What are all of the genes of an individual or species?
Definition
Genome
Term
What are regions of DNA that code for polypeptides?
Definition
Genes
Term
What are all the proteins produced by the genome?
Definition
Proteome
Term
The DNA within a cell nucleus is combined with protein to form what threadlike material that makes up chromosomes?
Definition
Chromatin
Term
What is the copying of information from DNA to mRNA?
Definition
Transcription
Term
List the four nitrogenous bases in DNA and note how they pair with one another.
Definition
Guanine and Cytosine (G&C)
Adenine and Thymine (A&T)
Term
List the four nitrogenous bases found in DNA and note how they pair with the bases in RNA.
Definition
Adenine and Uracil
Guanine and cytosine
thymine and adenine
cytosine and guanine
Term
What type of RNA is formed using DNA as a template?
Definition
Precursor messenger RNA (pre mRNA)
Term
What type of RNA results from editing in the nucleus?
Definition
messenger RNA (mRNA)
Term
What type of RNA functions to bring mRNA and tRNA together?
Definition
rRNA
Term
What type of RNA carries amino acids to ribosomes?
Definition
tRNA
Term
What are regions of non coding DNA within a gene
Definition
introns
Term
What are coding regions of DNA within a gene?
Definition
Exons
Term
The human proteome is over 100,000 proteins. The human genome contains about 25,000 genes. What process is largely responsible for producing so many proteins from so few genes?
Definition
Alternative Splicing
Term
What process prevents specific RNA molecules from being translated?
Definition
RNA interference or silencing
Term
What two types of RNA may take part in RNA interference?
Definition
Short interfering RNA, micro RNA (siRNA) and (miRNA)
Term
What is the process of forming proteins from mRNA in the cytoplasm?
Definition
genetic translation
Term
How many bases in DNA code for a single amino acid?
Definition
3
Term
Three bases on DNA which code for a single amino acid are referred to as what?
Definition
Triplet
Term
Three bases on mRNA which code for a single amino acid are referred to as what?
Definition
Codon
Term
The three bases on tRNA which are complements to three bases on mRNA are referred to as what?
Definition
the Anticodon
Term
What proteins help a polypeptide chain fold into its correct tertiary structure as it emerges from a ribosome?
Definition
Chaperones
Term
Because DNA replication involves the formation of one new strand pairing with one original strand, the process is referred to as what?
Definition
Semiconservative
Term
The cell cycle has two main parts in which of these is the resting?
Definition
Interphase
Term
The cell cycle has two main parts. In which of these is the cell dividing to produce two identical daughter cells?
Definition
Mitotic Phase
Term
In what portion of interphase is DNA replicated?
Definition
S-Phase
Term
What portion of interphase immediately follows mitosis?
Definition
G1
Term
In what portion of interphase immediately proceeds mitosis?
Definition
G2
Term
What are genes that contribute to cancer called?
Definition
oncogenes
Term
What are normal genes that can mutate into genes that contribute to cancer?
Definition
Proto-oncogenes
Term
What type of genes inhibit the development of cancer?
Definition
tumor suppressor genes
Term
What is death of a portion of tissue differentially affected by local injury(as loss of blood supply corrosion burning or the local lesion of a disease?
Definition
Necrosis
Term
What is programmed cell death?
Definition
Apoptosis
Term
What division resulting in two identical daughter cells?
Definition
Mitosis
Term
What are the functions of mitosis?
Definition
Growth, cell replacement and wound healing
Term
What is cell division that results in unique haploid daughter cells?
Definition
Meiosis
Term
Where in the body does meiosis occur?
Definition
Gonads
Term
What are functions of meiosis?
Definition
Maintain correct number of chromosomes at conception, to produce variation
Term
How is variation produced during meiosis?
Definition
independent assortment of chromosomes, crossing over
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