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Cells
Terms Associated with Cells
121
Biology
Undergraduate 1
10/11/2013

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Term
cell theory
Definition
new cells are produced from existing cells
Term
cells
Definition
basic units of all forms of life, all living things are composed of cells, cells are the basic unit of living things
Term
nucleus
Definition
contains the DNA, controls the cells activities
Term
eukaryote
Definition
contain nuclei
Term
prokaryote
Definition
lacking nuclei
Term
organelles
Definition
organized structure that performs important cellular functions within a eukaryotic cell, little organs
Term
cytoplasm
Definition
material inside the cell membrane not including nucleus
Term
nuclear envelope
Definition
layer of 2 membranes around nucleus
Term
chromatin
Definition
grainular material on nucleus
Term
chromosone
Definition
structures within nucleus containing DNA
Term
nucleolus
Definition
where the assembly of ribosmomes begin
Term
ribosome
Definition
particles of RNA + proteins foind in cytoplasm
Term
endoplasmic reticulum
Definition
internal membrane system where lipids of membranes are assembled and some proteins are modified
Term
golgi appartaus
Definition
modifes, sorts, packages proteins + other materials from the ER for storage
Term
lysosomes
Definition
filled with enzymes used for digestion or breaking down lipids, carbs, and proteins
Term
vacuole
Definition
saclike structures that store materials
Term
mitochondrion
Definition
organelles that convert chemical energy stored in food into compounds that are easier for cells to use
Term
chloroplast
Definition
capture energy from sunlight and convert it into chemical energy(photosynthesis)
Term
cytoskeleton
Definition
network of protein filamemnts helps cell maintain shape and movement
Term
centrioles
Definition
help organize cell division
Term
cell membrane
Definition
thin, flexible barrier around cells that regulate what enters and leaves the cell
Term
cell wall
Definition
suppoting layer around membrane provides support and protection
Term
lipid bilayer
Definition
2 layer sheet that forms the core of nearly all cell membranes
Term
concentration
Definition
mass of a solute in a given solution Mass/Volume
Term
diffusion
Definition
molecules tend to move from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration
Term
equilibrium
Definition
when the concentration of a solute is equal
Term
osmosis
Definition
diffusion of water through a selectively permeable membrane
Term
isotonic
Definition
when the concentration of 2 solution is the same
Term
hypertonic
Definition
when comparing 2 solutions- solution with greater concentration
Term
hypotonic
Definition
when comparing 2 solutions- the solution with lesser concentration
Term
facilitated diffusion
Definition
movement of specific molecules accross cell membranes through protein channels
Term
active transport
Definition
requires energy, moves materila against concentration difference
Term
endocytosis
Definition
process by which cell takes material by infolding of the cell membrane
Term
phagocytosis
Definition
process in which extensions of cytoplasm surrounds large particles
Term
pinocytosis
Definition
process by which a cell takes in liquid
Term
exocytosis
Definition
process by which cell releases lage amounts of material
Term
cell specialization
Definition
process in which different cells have different jobs
Term
tissue
Definition
group of similar cells that perform a similar function
Term
organ
Definition
group of tissues that work together to perform related function
Term
organ system
Definition
group of organs that work togtehr to perform specific functions
Term
choanocyte
Definition
specializd cells that use flagella to move through the sponge
Term
osculum
Definition
large hole at top of sponge where water leaves the sponge
Term
spicule
Definition
spike structure that makes up skeletons of harder sponges
Term
archaeocyte
Definition
speacialized cell in sponge that makes spicules
Term
internal fertilization
Definition
process in which eggs are fertilized inside sponges body
Term
larva
Definition
immature state of an organism looks different than adult form
Term
gemmule
Definition
group of archaeocytes, surrounded b spicules, produced by sponges
Term
specialized cell
Definition
cell that is uniquely suited to perform a specific function
Term
epithelial tissue
Definition
tissue that covers the surface of the body, and lines internal organs
Term
connective tissue
Definition
tissue that hold in place and binds different parts of the body together
Term
nervous tissue
Definition
tissue that recieves messages from the ody external and internal enviornment, analyzes it, and directs a response
Term
muscle tissue
Definition
tissue that controls the internal movement in the body, as well as external
Term
homeostasis
Definition
process b which organisms maintain a stable internal enviornment
Term
feedback inhibition
Definition
process in which the product or result stops or limits the process
Term
metabolism
Definition
the totality of an organism's chemical processes
Term
catabolic pathways
Definition
degradative process that release energy by breakind down complex molecules to simpler compounds
Term
anabolic pathways
Definition
consume energy to build complicated molecules from simpler ones
Term
kinetic energy
Definition
energy of motion, energy doing work
Term
potential energy
Definition
stored energy that has the capacity to do work
Term
thermodynamics
Definition
the study of the energy transformations that occur in collection of matter
Term
closed system
Definition
collection of matter under study which is isolated from its surroundings
Term
open system
Definition
system in which energy can be transferred between the system and its surroundings
Term
entropy
Definition
a quantitative measure of disorder or randomness, symbolized by S
Term
bond energy
Definition
the quantity of energy that must be absorbed to break a particular kind of chemical bond; equal to the quantity of energy the bond releases when it forms
Term
spontaneous reaction
Definition
a reaction where the free enery of a system decreases
Term
free energy
Definition
the portion of a system's energy that can perform work when temperature is uniform throughout the system
Term
exergonic reaction
Definition
proceeds with a net release of free energy, delta G is negative
Term
endergonic reaction
Definition
absorbs free energy from its surroundings, delta G is positive
Term
equilibrium
Definition
delta G equals zero, can do no work
Term
catalyst
Definition
a chemical agent that changes the rate of a reaction without being consumed by the reaction
Term
enzyme
Definition
catalytic proteins
Term
activation energy
Definition
the energy required to break bonds in the reactant molecules
Term
substrate
Definition
the reactant an enzyme acts on
Term
active site
Definition
the restricted region of the enzyme molecule where the enzyme bonds to the substrate
Term
induced fit
Definition
allows the enzyme to change its state so the active site and substrate fit snugly
Term
cofactors
Definition
nonprotein helpers of enzymes for catalytic activity
Term
coenzymes
Definition
an organic molecule that is a cofactor
Term
competitive inhibitors
Definition
resemble the normal substrate molecule and reduce the productivity of enzymes by blocking the active site
Term
noncompetitive inhibitors
Definition
impede ezymatic reactions by binding to a part of the enzyme away from the active site
Term
cooperativity
Definition
if an enzyme has two or more subunits and one substrate molecule activates the other subunits
Term
feedback inhibition
Definition
when a metabolic pathway is switched off by its end product
Term
Resolution
Definition
Ability of a microscope to see an image clearly
Term
Diaphragm
Definition
regulates amount of light coming through the stage
Term
Autotroph
Definition
Organism that can make its own food
Term
Heterotroph
Definition
Organism that feeds upon others for nutrition
Term
Ribosome
Definition
Cell organelle where protein synthesis occurs
Term
Golgi apparatus
Definition
Organelle that packages cell proteins
Term
Centriole
Definition
Organelle of animal cell that helps pull chromosomes apart in mitosis
Term
Chloroplast
Definition
Organelle where photosynthesis occurs in plant cells
Term
Endoplasmic Reticulum
Definition
Transportation system of the cell
Term
Chlorophyll
Definition
green pigment that can absorb the energy of the sun
Term
Nucleolus
Definition
Organelle in the nucleus that makes RNA
Term
Nucleus
Definition
Cell organelle that controls the activities
Term
Stroma
Definition
Thick fluid in the chloroplast
Term
Thylakoid
Definition
Dislike structure that contains chlorophyll in the chloroplast
Term
Granum
Definition
Stack of thylakoids
Term
Cristae
Definition
Folds in the mitochondrion
Term
Mitochondrion
Definition
cell organelle that acts as a powerhouse for the cell
Term
Eukaryotic
Definition
Cell with a true nucleus and membrane bounded organelles
Term
Prokaryotic
Definition
Primitive cell lacking a nucleus and membrane bound organelles
Term
Fermentation
Definition
Cell respiration that does not use oxygen and produces CO2 and alcohol
Term
Lactic Acid
Definition
Chemical causing muscle soreness when oxygen is not available
Term
Mitosis
Definition
cell division process that produces two daughter cells
Term
Meiosis
Definition
Cell division that produces sex cells
Term
Active transport
Definition
process requiring energy that moves materials in and out of cells
Term
Exocytosis
Definition
Process by which large molecules are excreted from a cell
Term
Endocytosis
Definition
process by which large molecules are taken into a cell
Term
Osmosis
Definition
movement of water through a membrane from high to low concentration
Term
Diffusion
Definition
movement of molecules from areas of high to low concentration
Term
Facilitated diffusion
Definition
movement of molecules through channels in the cell membrane
Term
Haploid Number
Definition
Half the normal number of chromosomes found in sex cells
Term
Diploid number
Definition
the normal number of chromosomes found in body cells
Term
Amino Acids
Definition
building blocks of proteins
Term
Substrate
Definition
substance that an enzyme reacts with
Term
Enzyme
Definition
protein that speeds up a chemical reaction without it being used up
Term
pH
Definition
scale used to measure the acidity or alkalinity of a substance
Term
Atomic number
Definition
number of protons in the nucleus of an atom of an element
Term
Atomic mass
Definition
number of protons and neutrons in an atom
Term
Element
Definition
pure substance that cannot be broken down chemically into a simpler substance
Term
Biogenesis
Definition
idea that life can only arise from preexisting life
Term
spontaneous generation
Definition
Idea that life can come from non-living things
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