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Cells & Genes
Cells/Genes
27
Biology
Undergraduate 2
01/30/2012

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Term
cells
Definition
small, membrane-enclosed units filled with a concentrated aqueous solution of chemicals and endowed with the extraordinary ability to create copies of themselves by growing and dividing in two.
Term
Cells requirement 
Definition
oxygen, air, sunlight, water, complex mixture of molecules, 
Term
Cells activities
Definition
production of particular substances such as hormones, starch, fats, latex, or pigments, engines, like muscles, burning fuel to do mechanical work; or electricity generators  
Term
Cells' roles
Definition
in multicellular organisms there is a division of labor among cells, allowing some cells to become specialized to an extreme degree for particular tasks and leaving them dependent on their fellow cells for many basic requuirements
Term
dependability of cells
Definition
cells can also exist as indepent organisms, and they are individually living in the sense that they are ablel to reproduce, grow, convert energy from one form into another, respond to their environment, and so on
Term
Identity of cells
Definition
cells resemble each other in the sense that they share most of their most basic functions and molecules that participate in the same type of chemical reactions
Term
cell reproduction 
Definition
cells reproduce with the duplication of DNA and then dividing into two; making two daughter cells
Term
mutation
Definition
can create offsrpings that are changed for the worse-less able to survive and reproduce; changed for the better--they are better able to survive and reproduce; or changed neutrally--genetically different, but equally variable
Term
evolution
Definition
the process by which living species become gradually modified and adapted to their environment in more and sophisticated ways
Term
cell's genome
Definition

(entire library in of genetic information in the DNA)

provides a genetic program that instructs the cell how to function, and, for plants and animal cells, how to grow into an organism with hundreds of different cells

Term
plasm
Definition
found in the cell's interior; a transparent membrane crammed with what seems t a jumble of miscellaneous tiny objects.
Term
organelles
Definition
separate, recognizable structures that are only hazily defined under the light microscope
Term
eukaryotes
Definition
cells contain a nucleus
Term
prokaryotes/bacterium
Definition
cells contain no nucleus
Term
structural make-up of bacteria
Definition
bacteria are typically spherical, rodlike, or corkscrew-shaped, and small--just a few micrometers long. they often have a protective coat, called a cell wall, surrounding the cell membrane, which encloses a single compartment containing the cytoplasm and the DNA
Term
diversity of prokayotes
Definition

aerobic--use oxygen to oxidize food molecules

anaerobic--resist oxygen 

Term
Mitchondria
Definition
the organelles taht generate energy for eukaryotic cell 
Term
Prokaryotic energy demand
Definition
.can live entirely on in organic compounds; receive carbon from the atmosphere, nitrogen from atmosphere, and oxygen, hydrogen, sulfur, and phosphorous from the air, water and inorganic minerals. Some perform photosynthesis; while other derive energy from the chemical reactivity og inogranic substances in the environment
Term
Eucariotic cells
Definition

.bigger

.some live independently as single-celled organism; such as ameoba abd yeasts. others live as multi-cellular organisms--plants, animals, and fungi

Term
the nucleus
Definition
most prominent organelle. enclosed in two membranes that formed the nuclear envelope and it contains the molecules of DNA
Term
The Mitochondria
Definition
generators of chemical energy for the cell. they harness the energy from the oxidation of food molecules, such as sugars, to produce ATP, which is the basic chemical fuel that powers most of the cell's activities. Because the mitochondrion consumes oxygen and releases carbon dioxide, the entire process is called cellular respiration
Term
chloroplasts
Definition
green organelles that are found only in cells of plants and algae, not in cells of animals or fungi. 
Term
endoplasmic reticulum
Definition
an irregular size maze of interconnected spaces enclosed by a folded membrane--is the site at which most cell membrane components, as well as materials destined for export from the cell, are made
Term
golgi apparatus
Definition
receives and modifies chemically the molecules made in the ER, and then directs them to the exterior of the cell or to various other locations.
Term
lysosomes
Definition
small, irregularly shaped organelles in which intracellular digestions occurs, releasing nutrients from food particles and breaking down unwanted molecules for recycling or excretion
Term
peroxiomes 
Definition
small, membrane-enclosed vesicles that provide a contained environment for reactions in which hydrogen peroxide is generated and degraded
Term
ribosomes
Definition
the tiny molecular machine that make protein molecules 
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