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Cells and tissues
for Human Biologgy 1001
52
Biology
Undergraduate 2
09/05/2013

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Term

 

 

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Definition




Membrane bound organelle that contains chromosomes (Chromatin condensed into a compact structure which codes for protein) and controls the structure and function of the cell.

Term
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Definition


Rna and Protein in two subunits. These subunits become the particles that carry out protein synthesis. Ribosomes are often attached to the endoplasmic reticulum, but they also occur free floating in the cytoplasm. In groups ribosomes are called polyribosomes. Protein synthesized in  the endoplasmic reticulum have a different final destination than protein synthesized elsewhere.  

Term
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Definition
Studded with ribosomes on the side of the membrane that faces the cytoplasm. Here proteins are synthesized and enter the ER interior, where processing modification can begin.
Term
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Definition

 Continuous with rough,  Endoplasmic Reticulum does not have attached ribosomes. Smooth Er synthesizes the phospholipids that occur in membranes and has various other functions, depending on the particular cell. In testes it produces testosterone, in the liver it helps detoxify drugs…etc

Term
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Definition


Where proteins and lipids are received from the

Endoplasmic Reticuluim are modified. The vesicles that leave the Golgi apparatus move to other parts of the cell. The Golgi apparatus is involved in processing, packaging, and secretion. 

Term
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Definition

 

Membranous sacs produced by the Golgi Apparatus contain hydrolytic enzymes. Lysomes are found in all cells of the body but are particularly numerous in white blood cells that engulf disease-causing microbes. Lysomes break down parts of the cell in a process called auto-digestion. Contains digestive enzymes that break down cell parts or substances entering through vesicles.

Term
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Definition



Powerhouse of the cell, membrane bound organelle in which ATP molecular are produced during the process of cellular respiration. The matrix of the Mitochondria contains enzymes for breaking down glucose products. ATP production then occurs at the cristae.

Term

 

 

What is the function of the mitochondria? 

Definition


Often called the powerhouse of the cell, just as a powerhouse burns fuel to produce electricity, the Mitochondria convert the chemical energy of glucose products into the chemical energy of ATP. This process is called Cellular Respiration using up oxygen, and giving off carbon dioxide.  

Term

 

What are the two major Kinds of Cells?

Definition



Prokaryotes

Eukaryotes

 
Term



prokaryote 

Definition

cell lacking membrane bound organelles and a membrane bound nucleus.  Very disorganized but efficient.  About 5000 different kinds.

Term



eukaryote

Definition

is a cell that contains true organelles and nucleus bound by membranes (separated by boundaries)

1. May be plant: cell wall, chloroplasts

 

2. May be animal: cell membrane

Term

 

 

Human Cells

Definition

The body is composed of various kinds of eukaryotic cells... each with different capabilities.

 

Term

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1.

Definition
Flagella
Term

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2.

Definition
2.Microvili/Cilia
Term

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3.

Definition
3.Centrioles
Term

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4.

Definition

4. Golgi Apparatus

 

Term

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5.

Definition
5.Actin Filaments/ Microfilaments
Term

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6.

Definition

 



6. Ribosomes

Term

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7.

Definition
7.Smooth Endoplasmic Retciulium
Term

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8.

Definition
8. Lysome
Term

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9.

Definition

9. Cell Wall/ Plasma Membrane

Term

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10.

Definition

10. Chromatin

Term

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11.

Definition

11. Nucleolus

Term

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12.

Definition

12. Nuclear pore

Term

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 13.

Definition
13. Nuclear Envelope/membrane
Term

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14.

Definition
14. Ribosomes
Term

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15.

Definition
15. Mitochondria
Term

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16.

Definition
16. Microvili/Cilia
Term

Cell walls

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Definition
[image]Offer protection and support
[image]Nonliving
[image]Freely permeable
[image]Fungal cell walls are made up of chitin

 

[image]Plant cell walls are made up of cellulose/lignin
Term
Plasma membrane
Definition

1. Phospholipid bilayer: membranes are composed of two layers of lipid-phosphate molecules in which are scattered various proteins and carbohydrates

2. Encases all living cells 

 

3.Its basic structure is represented by the fluid-mosaic model 

 

         4. Selectively Permeable 
Term
hydrophilic heads
Definition

Top of the bilayer 

Hydrophilic-Means cabable of forming bonds with water

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Term
hydrophobic tails
Definition

Tail end of the bilayer 

Hydrophobic meaning they do not form bonds with water.

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Term
integral proteins
Definition
[image]Extend all the way across the bilayer

 

[image]Provide channels/pores in and out of the cell
Term


peripheral proteins

Definition


Project from the surface of the membrane

Act as enzymes or  receptors

 
Term
Cytoskeleton
Definition

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is a cellular scaffolding or skeleton contained within a cell's cytoplasm

Term
microfilaments
Definition

The thinest filaments  of the Cytoskelton

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Term


microtubules

Definition

 involved in maintaining structure of the cell and together with microfilaments and intermediate filaments, they form the cytoskeleton

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Term
Centrioles
Definition

small cylindrical bodies composed of groups of microtubles arranged at right angles to each other.  (“T” shaped).  Centrioles form the mitotic spindle in mitosis for cell reproduction.

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Term
Cilia and flagella
Definition

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hairlike extensions that project from the surface of certain kinds of cells.  Cilia are much shorter in length than flagella.  Both can function in whiplike motion to move the cell; cilia can also move substances across the cell surface.

 ie.  Trachea- cilia lined            Sperm- flagellated

     

 
Term

 

 

WHAT ARE TISSUES?

Definition
TISSUES ARE GROUPS OF SIMILAR CELLS PERFORMING A COMMON FUNCTION
Term

 

 

 

WHAT ARE THE FOUR CATEGORIES OF TISSUES?

Definition

 

 

EPITHELIAL TISSUE

CONNECTIVE TISSUE

NERVOUS TISSUE

MUSCLE TISSUE

Term

 

 

 

 

WHAT ARE THE PHYSICAL ATTRIBUTES OF EPITHEIAL TISSUE CELLS?

Definition

 

 

 

 

CLOSELY PACKED FLAT CELLS

Term

 

 

EPITHEAL TISSUE IS AVASCULAR, WHAT DOES AVASCULAR MEAN?

Definition

 

 

 

WITHOUT BLOOD CELLS

Term

 

 

 

HOW DOES NURTIANT AND WASTE EXCHANGE OCCUER IN EPITHEIAL TISSUE? 

Definition

 

 

 

THROUGH NEIGHBORING CONNECTIVE TISSUES BY DIFFUSION

Term

 

 

 

 

UPPER SURFACE OF EPITHELIUM 

Definition

 

 

IS FREE, OR EXPOSED TO THE OUTSIDE OF THE BODY OR BODY CAVITY

Term

 

 

 

BASAL SURFACE OF EPITHELIUM

Definition

 

 

 

RESTS ON CONNECTIVE TISSUE

Term

 

 

WHAT ARE THE BASEMENT MEMBRANES?

Definition

 

 

 

A THIN EXTRACELLULAR LAYER, THAT FORMS BETWEEN THE EPITHELIAL AND CONNECTIVE TISSUE

Term

 

 

 

WHAT ARE THE TWO KINDS OF EPITHELIAL TISSUES?

Definition

 

 

 

COVERING OR LINING EPITHELIUM WHICH COVERS OR LINES SURFACES OF THE BODY AND LINES INTERNAL ORGANS


GLANDULAR EPITHELIUM SECRETES HORMONES OR OTHER BODILY SECRETIONS

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