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cells and system
vocabulary
70
Science
8th Grade
09/01/2016

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Term
organisms
Definition
an individual animal, plant or life form.
Term
Nutrients
Definition
a substance that provides nourishment essential for for growth and the maintenance of life.
Term
metabolism
Definition
the chemical process that occurs within a living organism in order to maintain life.
Term
stimulus
Definition
a thing or event that evokes a specific functional reaction in an organ or tissue .
Term
response
Definition
reaction to something
Term
structures
Definition
the arrangement of and relations between the parts of elements of something complex
Term
function
Definition
an activity or purpose natural to or intended for a person or thing.
Term
organ
Definition
a part of an organism thaqt is typicaly self contained and has a specific vital function such as the heart or liver in a human
Term
organ system
Definition
is a group of organs that work together to preform one or more function. each does a particular job in the body and is made up of certain tissues
Term
Capilllaries
Definition
any of the fine branching blood vessels that form a network between the arterioles and venules.
Term
Compound Light Microscope
Definition
an optical instrument for forming magnified images of small objects, consisting of an objective lens with a very short focal length and an eyepiece with a longer focal length, both lenses mounted in the same tube.
Term
cells
Definition
the smallest structural and functional unit of an organism, typically microscopic and consisting of cytoplasm and a nucleus enclosed in a membrane. Microscopic organisms typically consist of a single cell, which is either eukaryotic or prokaryotic.
Term
Tissues
Definition
any of the distinct types of material of which animals or plants are made, consisting of specialized cells and their products.
Term
Cell Membrane
Definition
the semipermeable membrane surrounding the cytoplasm of a cell.
Term
Cell Wall
Definition
a rigid layer of polysaccharides lying outside the plasma membrane of the cells of plants, fungi, and bacteria. In the algae and higher plants, it consists mainly of cellulose.
Term
Cytoplasm
Definition
the material or protoplasm within a living cell, excluding the nucleus.
Term
Nucleus
Definition
a dense organelle present in most eukaryotic cells, typically a single rounded structure bounded by a double membrane, containing the genetic material.
Term
Vacuoles
Definition
a space or vesicle within the cytoplasm of a cell, enclosed by a membrane and typically containing fluid.
Term
Organelles
Definition
any of a number of organized or specialized structures within a living cell.
Term
Mitochondria
Definition
an organelle found in large numbers in most cells, in which the biochemical processes of respiration and energy production occur. It has a double membrane, the inner layer being folded inward to form layers (cristae).
Term
Chloroplasts
Definition
in green plant cells a plastid that contains chlorophyll and in witch photosynthesis takes place
Term
Multicellular
Definition
of an organism or part) having or consisting of many cells.
Term
Unicellular
Definition
the formation or presence of a single cell or cells.
Term
Micro-organisms
Definition
a microscopic organism, especially a bacterium, virus, or fungus
Term
Amoeba
Definition
a single-celled animal that catches food and moves about by extending fingerlike projections of protoplasm.
Term
Paramecium
Definition
a single-celled freshwater animal that has a characteristic slipperlike shape and is covered with cilia.
Term
cilia
Definition
short, microscopic, hairlike vibrating structure. Cilia occur in large numbers on the surface of certain cells, either causing currents in the surrounding fluid, or, in some protozoans and other small organisms, providing propulsion.
Term
cilia
Definition
short, microscopic, hairlike vibrating structure. Cilia occur in large numbers on the surface of certain cells, either causing currents in the surrounding fluid, or, in some protozoans and other small organisms, providing propulsion.
Term
Diffusion
Definition
the spreading of something more widely.
Term
Specialized Cells
Definition
Some cells in multicellular organisms are modified to carry out a particular function,
Term
Red bool cells
Definition
Small pliable cells that have nucleus and are specilized for carrying oxygen to all the cells of the body
Term
Selectively Permeable
Definition
describes a membrane with very small openings that allow particles ofsome substances, but not others, to pass through
Term
Osmosis
Definition
diffusion of water through a selectively permeable membrane
Term
Mechanical Digestion
Definition
physical breakdown of food into small particles
Term
Chemical Digestion
Definition
breakdown of large food particles into smaller particles by enzymes
Term
Enzymes
Definition
substance created by the body to carry out chemical digestion
Term
Peristalsis
Definition
wave-like muscle contractions along the digestive system
Term
Gastric Juice
Definition
liquid in stomach made of mucus,
hydrochloric acid, enzymes, and water;
chemically digests food
Term
Villi
Definition
small finger-like projections on the innersurface of the small intestine that absorb nutrients
Term
microvilli
Definition
finger-like projections on the cells thatline the villi
Term
diaphragm
Definition
large muscle below the lungs that
helps move air in and out of the lungs;part that changes the size of a camera’s aperture; it varies the amount of light that reaches the film
Term
bronchi
Definition
two main branches of the trachea that
lead into the lungs (singular bronchus)
Term
bronchioles
Definition
tubes that connect the bronchi to the
air sacs in the lungs
Term
Alveoli
Definition
tiny air-filled sacs in the lungs; the site ofgas exchange
Term
Atria
Definition
upper chambers of the heart that receiveblood from the body and lungs
Term
Ventricles
Definition
lower chambers of the heart that pump
blood to the body
Term
Arteries
Definition
thick-walled blood vessels that take
blood away from the heart to the rest of the body
Term
Veins
Definition
blood vessels that return blood from the body to the heart; have valves
Term
White Blood Cells
Definition
blood cells specialized to fight
infection
Term
Platelets
Definition
cell fragments in the blood that help
stop bleeding at cuts
Term
Urea
Definition
poisonous substance converted from highly toxic ammonia by the liver
Term
Nephrons
Definition
filtering units of the kidney that
remove wastes from the blood and produce urine
Term
Dialysis
Definition
removal of waste products from the
blood using a machine that functions as a kidney
Term
Nervous Tissue
Definition
tissue of the brain, spinal chord,and nerves
Term
Neurons
Definition
specialized cells of the nervous system
that receive and transmit information
Term
Dendrites
Definition
small branches of a neuron that receive
information from neighbouring cells
Term
Axon
Definition
long extension of a neuron’s cell body that transmits information to neighbouring cells
Term
Central Nervous System
Definition
division of the nervous system composed of the brain and spinal chord
Term
Peripheral Nervous System
Definition
division of the nervous system composed of the cranial andspinal nerves
Term
Somatic Nervous System
Definition
division of the peripheral nervous system that controls
voluntary responses
Term
Autonomic Nervous System
Definition
division of the

peripheral nervous system that controls
automatic responses in the body, such as heart rate
Term
Smallpox
Definition
disease that produces a rash and high
fever and can cause blindness and death; the firstdisease to be controlled by a vaccine
Term
Vaccine
Definition
substance that is taken by or injected into an animal or person to produce an immunity to a disease; usually prepared from a mild formof the disease
Term
Tar
Definition
dark sticky substance formed when tobaccoburns
Term
Carbon Monoxide
Definition
colourless, odourless gas that
is released when a cigarette burns
Term
Nicotine
Definition
addictive drug found in cigarettes that
speeds up the heart and raises blood pressure
Term
Bronchitis
Definition
disease in which mucus builds up in
the bronchi and causes them to become narrower
Term
Emphysema
Definition
disease that causes damage to lung
tissue, causing shortness of breath
Term
Lung Cancer
Definition
growth of tumours, which take up
space in the lungs, making breathing difficult
Term
Ulcers
Definition
painful sores on the stomach lining often caused by the micro-organism
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