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SP 5A-RG: Cell-to-Cell Communication
SP 5A-RG: Cell-to-Cell Communication Notecards
100
Physiology
Undergraduate 3
10/07/2012

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Cards

Term
What are the two types of physiological signals secreted in cell-to-cell communication?
Definition
1) Electrical signals
2) Chemical signals
Term
__________ __________ are changes in the membrane potential of a cell.
Definition
1) Electrical signals
Term
What are electrical signals?
Definition
1) Changes in the membrane potential of a cell
Term
__________ __________ are secreted by cells into the ECF and are responsible for most communication within the body.
Definition
1) Chemical signals
Term
What are chemical signals?
Definition
1) Signals secreted by cells into the ECF which are responsible for most communication within the body
Term
Which physiological signals are responsible for changes in the membrane potential of a cell?
Definition
1) Electrical
Term
Which physiological signals are responsible for most communication within the body?
Definition
1) Chemical
Term
What cells receive physiological signals?
Definition
1) Target cells
Term
Classic __________ hormones travel via the bloodstream to target cells
Definition
1) Endorcine
Term
__________ are released via synapses and travel via the bloodstream to target cells
Definition
1) Neurohormones
Term
__________ hormones are released and act on the cell that secreted them.
Definition
1) Autocrine
Term
__________ hormones act on adjacent cells.
Definition
1) Paracrine
Term
What are endocrine hormones?
Definition
1) Hormones which travel via the bloodstream to target cells
Term
What are neurohormones?
Definition
1) Hormones that are released via synapses and travel via the bloodstream
Term
What are autocrine hormones?
Definition
1) Hormones which are released and act on the cell that secreted them
Term
What are paracrine hormones?
Definition
1) Hormones which act on adjacent cells
Term
__________ __________ transfer both chemical and electrical signals.
Definition
1) Gap junctions
Term
__________ __________ form direct cytoplasmic connections between adjacent cells
Definition
1) Gap junctions
Term
__________ transfer signals in both directions.
Definition
1) CAMs
Term
__________-__________ __________ require interaction between membrane molecules on two cells.
Definition
1) Contact-dependent signals
Term
__________ __________ act on the same cell that secreted them.
Definition
1) Autocrine signals
Term
__________ __________ are secreted by one cell and diffuse to adjacent cells.
Definition
1) Paracrine signals
Term
__________ and __________ are chemical signals.
Definition
1) Paracrine and autocrine
Term
__________ are secreted by endocrine glands or cells into the blood. Only target cells with receptors for the hormone will respond to the signal.
Definition
1) Hormones
Term
Which cell-to-cell communication method transfers both chemical and electrical signals?
Definition
1) Gap junctions
Term
Which cell-to-cell communication method forms direct cytoplasmic connections between adjacent cells?
Definition
1) Gap junctions
Term
Which cell-to-cell communication method transfers signals in both directions?
Definition
1) CAMs
Term
Which cell-to-cell communication method requires interaction between membrane molecules on two cells?
Definition
1) Contact-dependent signals
Term
Which cell-to-cell communication method act on the same cell that secreted them?
Definition
1) Autocrine signals
Term
Which cell-to-cell communication method are secreted by one cell and diffuse to adjacent cells?
Definition
1) Paracrine signals
Term
Which cell-to-cell communication method are chemical signals?
Definition
1) Autocrine and paracrine signals
Term
Which cell-to-cell communication methods feature direct contact and local cell-to-cell communication?
Definition
1) Gap junctions
2) CAMs
3) Contact-dependent signals
4) Autocrine signals
5) Paracrine signals
6) Hormones
Term
__________ are chemicals secreted by neurons that diffuse across a small gap to the target cell.
Definition
1) Neurotransmitters
Term
True or False: Neurotransmitters have a slow effect.
Definition
1) FALSE: Neurotransmitters have a RAPID effect
Term
__________ use electrical signals as well.
Definition
1) Neurons
Term
What are neurotransmitters?
Definition
1) Chemicals secreted by neurons that diffuse across a small gap to the target cell
Term
__________ are chemicals released by neurons into the blood for action at distant targets.
Definition
1) Neurohormones
Term
What are neurohormones?
Definition
1) Chemicals released by neurons into the blood for action at distant targets
Term
__________ may act as both local and long-distance signals.
Definition
1) Cytokines
Term
All __________ cells synthesize and secrete __________ in response to stimuli.
Definition
1) Nucleated
2) Stimuli
Term
What do nucleated cells produce in response to stimuli?
Definition
1) Cytokines
Term
Cytokines usually function as __________ or __________ signals.
Definition
1) Autocrine
2) Paracrine
Term
Which local / long-distant signals can function as autocrine or paracrine signals?
Definition
1) Cytokines
Term
In __________ and __________, some cytokines may act on relatively distant targets.
Definition
1) Stress
2) Inflammation
Term
What are two factors that would cause cytokines to act on relatively distant targets?
Definition
1) Stress
2) Inflammation
Term
What cell-to-cell communication methods feature long-distance communication?
Definition
1) Neurotransmitters
2) Neurohormones
3) Cytokines
Term
What are the four categories of membrane receptors?
Definition
1) Receptor-channel
2) Receptor-enzyme
3) G protein-coupled receptor
4) Integrin receptor
Term
__________ __________ converts one form of a signal into a different form.
Definition
1) Signal transduction
Term
What is a signal transduction?
Definition
1) Converts one form of a signal into a different form
Term
What is the order in signal transduction from an external signal to a response?
Definition
1) External signal
2) Receptor
3) Transducer
4) Amplifier
5) Response
Term
__________ convert extracellular signals into intracellular messages which create a response.
Definition
1) Transducers
Term
What are transducers?
Definition
1) Convert extracellular signals into intracellular messages which create a response
Term
Where is adenylyl cyclase found?
What is it activated by?
What is its function?
Definition
1) Membrane
2) G protein-coupled receptor
3) Converts ATP to cAMP
Term
Where is guanylyl cyclase found?
What is it activated by?
What is its function?
Definition
1) Membrane cytosol
2) Receptor-enzyme nitric oxide (N0)
3) Converts GTP to cGMP
Term
Where is phospholipase C found?
What is it activated by?
What is its function?
Definition
1) Membrane
2) G protein-coupled receptor
3) Converts membrane phospholipids into IP3 and DAG
Term
__________ __________ __________ converts chemical signals into cellular responses.
Definition
1) Biological signal transduction
Term
What is biological signal transduction?
Definition
1) Converts chemical signals into cellular responses
Term
What possesses seven membrane-spanning domains or transmembrane helices?
Definition
1) G protein-coupled receptors
Term
Describe the structure of a GPCR. What is their function?
Definition
1) GPCRs have a cytoplasmic tail linked to a G protein; a three-part transducer molecules
2) Once activated, G proteins open ion channels in the membrane and alter enzyme activity on the cytoplasmic side of the membrane
Term
G protein-coupled receptors are the target of approximately __________ of all modern medicinal drugs.
Definition
1) 40%
Term
What are the seven functions of G protein-coupled receptors?
Definition
1) Visual sense
2) Sense of smell
3) Behavioral and mood regulation
4) Regulation of the immune system
5) Autonomic nervous system transmission
6) Cell density sensing
7) Homeostasis modulation
Term
What are the steps for a GPCR in the regulation of adenylyl cyclcase cAMP?
Definition
1) Singl molecules binds to G protein-linked receptor, which activates the G protein
2) G protein turns on adenylyl cyclase, an amplifier enzyme
3) Adenylyl cyclase converts ATP to cyclic AMP
4) cAMP activates protein kinase A
5) Protein kinase A phosphorylates other proteins, leading ultimately to a cellular response.
Term
What are the steps for a GPCR in the regulation of the phospholipase C system?
Definition
1) Signal molecule activates receptor and associated G protein
2) G protein activates phospholipase C (PL-C), an amplifier enzyme
3) PL-C converts membrane phospholipids into diacylglycerol (DAG) which remains in the membrane, and IP3 which diffuses into the cytoplasm
4) DAG activates protein kinase C (PK-C), which phosphorylates proteins
5) IP3 causes release of Ca2+ from organelles, creating a CA2+ signal
Term
The ion channel is regulated by a __________ and is usually very selective to one or more ions (suchas as Na+, K+, Ca2+, or Cl-).
Such receptors located at __________ convert the chemical signal of __________ released neurotransmitters directly and very quickly into a __________ electrical signal
Definition
1) Ligand
2) Synapses
3) Presynaptically
4) Postsynaptic
Term
Explain the steps in which a nicotinic acetylcholine receptor regulates ion levles.
Definition
1) The prototypic ligand-gated ion channel is the nicotinic acetylcholine receptor; it consists of a pentamer of protein subunits with two binding sites for acetylcholine, which when bound, alter the receptor's configuration and cause an internal pore to open
2) This pore allows Na+ ions to flow down an electrochemical gradient into the cell
3) With a sufficient number of channels open at once, the intracellular Na+ concentration rises to the point at which the positive charge within the cell is enough to depolarize the membrane, initiating an action potential.
Term
What are the steps for receptor-channeling of ions?
Definition
1) Receptor channels open or close in response to a signal molecule binding
2) Change in membrane permeability occurs for a specific ion
3) Creates electrical signal
4) Voltage-sensitive protein is created
5) Cellular response is elicited
Term
There are two basic types of physiological signals: __________ and __________.
__________ signals are the basis for most communication within the body.
Definition
1) Chemical
2) Electrical
3) Chemical
Term
What are the four methods of cell-to-cell communicaiton?
Definition
1) Direct cytoplasmic transfer through gap junctions
2) Contact-dependent signaling
3) Local chemical communication
4) Long-distance communication
Term
__________ __________ are protein channels that connect two adjacent cells.
When they are open, chemical and electrical signals pass directly from one cell to the next.
Definition
1) Gap junctions
Term
__________-__________ __________ require direct contact between surface molecules of two cells.
Definition
1) Contact-dependent signals
Term
Local communication uses __________ __________, chemicals that act on cells close to the cell that secreted the paracrine.
Definition
1) Paracrine signals
Term
A chemical that acts on the cell that secreted it is called an __________ __________.
Definition
1) Autocrine signal
Term
Long-distance communication uses __________ molecules and electrical signals in the nervous systems, and __________ in the endocrine system. Only cells that possess receptors for a hormone will be __________ cells.
Definition
1) Neurocrine
2) Hormones
3) Target
Term
__________ are regulatory peptides that control cell development, differentiation, and the immune response. They serves as both __________ and __________-__________ signals.
Definition
1) Cytokines
2) Local
3) Long-distance
Term
Chemical signals bind to __________ and change intracellular signal molecules that direct the response.
Definition
1) Receptors
Term
__________ signal molecules enter the cell and combine with cytoplasmic or nuclear receptors.
__________ signal molecules and some lipophilic molecules combine with membrane receptors.
Definition
1) Lipophilic
2) Lipophobic
Term
__________ __________ pathways use membrane receptor proteins and intracellular second messenger molecules to translate signal information into an intracellular response.
Definition
1) Signal transduction
Term
Some signal transduction pathways active __________ _________. Others activate __________ __________ that create second messenger molecules.
Definition
1) Protein kinases
2) Amplifier enzymes
Term
Signal pathways create intracellular __________ that amplify the original signal.
Definition
1) Cascades
Term
__________-__________ activate protein kinases, such as tyrosine kinase, or the amplifier enzyme __________ __________ which produces the second messenger cGMP.
Definition
1) Receptor-enzymes
2) Gyanlyl cyclase
Term
__________ __________ linked to amplifier enzymes are the most prevalent signals transduction system.
Definition
1) G proteins
Term
__________ __________-__________ __________ alter ion channels.
Definition
1) G protein-coupled receptors
Term
In the __________ __________-__________ __________ __________ pathway, the amplifier enzyme phosholipase C creates two second messengers: __________ and __________.
__________ causes Ca2+ release from intracellular stores.
__________ activates protein kinase C.
Definition
1) G protein-coupled phospholipase C
2) IP3
3) Diacylglycerol (DAG)
4) IP3
5) DAG
Term
__________ receptors link the extracellular matrix to the cytoskeleton.
Definition
1) Integrin
Term
__________-__________ __________ __________ open or close to create electrical signals.
Definition
1) Ligand-gated ion channels
Term
Calcium is an important signal molecule that binds to __________ to alter enzyme activity.
Definition
1) Calmodulin
Term
What are the three short-lived gaseous signal molecules?
Definition
1) Nitric oxide (NO)
2) Carbon monoxide (MO)
3) Hydrogen sulfide (H2S)
Term
The arachidonic acid cascade creates lipid signal molecules, such as __________, __________, and __________.
Definition
1) Leukotrienes
2) Prostaglandins
3) Thromboxanes
Term
The response of a cell to a signal molecule is determined by the cell's __________ for the signal.
Definition
1) Receptor
Term
Receptors come in related forms called __________.
Definition
1) Isoforms
Term
A receptor may have multiple __________.
Definition
1) Ligands
Term
__________ mimic the action of a signal molecule.
Definition
1) Agonists
Term
__________ block the signal pathway of a molecule.
Definition
1) Antaonists
Term
In __________-__________, a cell decreases the number of binding receptors.
Definition
1) Down-regulation
Term
In __________, the cell decreases the binding affinity of the receptors.
Definition
1) Desensitization
Term
__________-__________ is the opposite of down-regulation and involves increasing the number of receptors for a signal.
Definition
1) Up-regulation
Term
Many diseases have been linked to defects in various aspects of signal pathways, such as __________ or __________ receptors.
Definition
1) Missing
2) Defective
Term
In __________ control pathways, the decision to respond to a change is made by an integrating center.
Definition
1) Reflex
Term
__________ __________ is faster and more specific than endocrine control, but is usually of shorter duration.
Definition
1) Neural control
Term
__________ __________ is less specific and slower to start but is longer lasting and is usually amplified.
Definition
1) Endocrine control.
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