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Cell phsyiology part B
notes
123
Biology
Undergraduate 3
01/24/2013

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Term
Membrane paternal lineage ??
Definition
maternal
Term
What is the primary and secondary driving force of phospholipid bilayers
Definition
Primary is hydrophobic interactions
secndary h bonds stabilize polar groups
Term
When an alcohol head group is cleaved on a phospholipid what are they used for
Definition
second messangers
Term
exoplasmic face
Definition
facing away from cytoplasm not nesseraly outside
Term
What molecules cluster in macrodomains such as lipid rafts
Definition
cholestrol, and sphingolipids
Term
when a vesicle forms what happen to exoplasmic and cytoplasmic sides
Definition
they reverse the inside used to be cytoplasmic now its on the outside
Term
How are phospholipids sythesized ?
where are they sythesized
Definition
2 step enzyme reaction
only on cytoplasmic leaflet!!!!
Term
Mechanism andn the puropose of each stem of membrane sythesis
Definition
1) Two fatty acids added to glycerol-3- phoshate (form phosphatidic acid) lengthens the bilayer
2) Phosphatases and phosphotransferases attach head gropus
Gives chemical nature
3)Flippase transfers to exoplasmic side (if needed)
4)later transported between organelles
Term
Transmembrane alpha helices are usually how long
Definition
25 hyrdrophic residues
Term
What do most plasma membrane proteins contian?where is it located
Definition
one or more carbohydrate chains
chains located on outside
Term
Permeable, Slihgtly permeable or impermaeble
ETOh , Water, Urea
Definition
permeable
slightly
slightly
Term
What is diffusion rate proportional to?
Definition
concentration gradient, hydrophobicity, size of molecule
Term
How do Uniporters facilitate entry to cell
Definition
provide lower resistance passages
Term
how do cotransporters transport other molecules
Definition
they use gradients created by pumps to tranfer other molecules
Term
List out the different types of membrane transproter proteins
Definition
uniporters, pumps, cotransporters, channels
Term
Is a uniporter a form of facilited diffuession ?
Definition
yes any membrane transport protein uses facilitated diffuesion
Term
medium velocity of uniporter transport
Definition
1000 molecules per sec
Term
Why is rate of movement so much higher in uniporter facilitaed diffusion compared to passive diffusion?
Definition
becuase molecules never come in contact with hyrdophobic core
Term
What is the purpose of pumps ?
What type of protein do they need to use atp?
Definition
Maintain chemical and electical gradients
ATP-ases
Term
how fast do pumps tranport there ions?
Definition
slow about 100 molecules per sec
Term
how much energy is consumed by pump?
Definition
1/3 of total energy
Term
What class of membrane tranfer proteins are symporters and antiporters? whats the differnece between the two?
Definition
Cotransporters
Symporters both molecules go one way
Anitporters molecules go in opposite directions
Term
Most of the time what is driving cotransporters and what direction is it moving
Definition
sodium is usually high outside bringing in another molecule with it .
Term
What does it mean that all Cotransporters are coupled
Definition
Neither molecule can cross without the other
Term
What do ion channels do to gradients ?
Definition
dispose of gradients
Term
How fast is transport in ion channels?
Definition
FAst!!!!
10 ^7 ions per/sec
Term
How much energy is in one gram of carbohydrate
Definition
4kcal
Term
Which tissues only use glucose as an enrgy source?
Definition
nuerons and erthyocytes
Term
Formula of glucose metabolism ?
Definition
Term
What brings in glucose from the small intestine? How does it work? what type of transport is used
Definition
The SGLT1 symporter brings in glucose throught the use of Sodium gradient
2 Sodiums for every glucose brought in
. Secondary active transport is used
Term
How many GLUT transporters are there? what type of protein transporter is a glut transporter ? stand for?
Definition
13 transporters, Uniporter,
Term
Where can you find GLUT 1, 2, 3, and 4 transporters and what are there function
Definition
1- find in all cells
2- find in liver and beta pancreas cells (used as sensors) (low affinity)
3- find in neurons (high affinity)
4- find in fat, liver, muscle (insulin dependent)
Term
Only insulin dependent GLUT
Definition
GLUT 4
Term
GLUT 1 glucose uptake is mainly for what at not for what?
Definition
provide enough sugar for cellular respiration
Not for storage
Term
Why is there more transport of glucose when excersing (more ATP production)
Definition
becuase the phosphorlated glucose increases shifting equilibrium
Term
GLUT 4 glucose transportation is mainly for
Definition
storage
Term
what does glut 2 do in the liver
Definition
storage as glycogen
Term
what percent of glucose is taken up by insulin dependent GLUT? the rest?
Definition
40% by glut 4
60% 123
Term
why are low glycemic index foods healthier
Definition
less insulin needed to clear glucose from blood
Term
SGLT 1 kidney epithelial affect on blood glucose levels?
Definition
on 180mg/ml can be absorbed rest is cleared from the body
Term
What is Glycemic index
Definition
foods ability to increase blood glucose
Term
what is the rebound effect? what prevents it?
Definition
it is where insulin spikes lower blood sugar so much that you actully induce hunger. eating low glycemic foods prevents it
Term
True or false
Low glycemic foods = low calorie
Definition
false
Term
What is needed to burn Fats
Definition
carbohydrates
Term
Definition of Dibaetes mellitus ?
Definition
disease of overproduction and underutilization of glucose
Term
what is not the cause of dibetess and why
Definition
Plain high carb diet does not cause because excess glucose not reabosrbed by kidney is excreted.
Term
What causes high blood glucose levels in diabetess in between meals
Definition
gluconeogenesis
Term
what percent of diabetes is type 1
Definition
10%
Term
How is type one diabetes treated? how is type 2
Definition
type 1- Insulin injections
type 2- diet and possible oral med
Term
What is reactive hypoglycemia ?
Definition
too much insulin produced after meal
Term
What causes fasting hypoglycemia
Definition
body produces too much insulin without eating
Term
what would signal Prediabetes ?
Definition
too much insulin production
Term
overdose of substance that is apart of medical treatment ( insulin)
Definition
Iatrogenic overdose
Term
Where do proteins enter the energy cyle? fats?
Definition
Amino acids enter TCA,
fats enter in two places
Glycerol- G3P
Fatty acids- Acetyl coa
Term
How would we characterize prediabetes ?
Definition
too much insulin production
Term
Name different types of pumps
Definition
Ptype pumps
V and F type pumps
ABC transport pumps
Term
Mechanism of all Na+/K+
Definition
bind Na, phsphorylate asp, transport out, energy from hydrolysis of asp used to bring back in with K
3 Na+ out 2 K+ in
Term
what causes the conformational change in Na/K pump
Definition
phoosphorylation and dephosphorilation of asp
Term
what is high sodium in outside cell used? High pottasium inside?
Definition
High sodium used to power cotransporters
High K+- protein synthesis, enzymes and resting potential
Term
Where is Mg2+ more concentrated ?
Definition
blood
Term
List all P-class pumps
Definition
Na/k ATPase
Ca2+ ATPase
H+/K+ pump
Term
What is the Ca2+ ATPases job to do after a muscle contratction ?
Definition
clean up Calcium through pumps
Term
Ca2+ mechanism
Definition
bind ca, phosphorylate asp, release a, desphophylation returns
Term
how Ca2+ are pumped out in Ca2+ATPase per atp. where are they pumped into
Definition
2 Ca2+ per cycle per atp. pumped into sarcoplasmic reticulum
Term
What are the two types of Ca2+ pumps in muscle cells? How are they regulated
Definition
Sarcoplasmic reticlulm pump - always on
plasma membrane pump- regulated by binding of calmodulin
Term
what is calmodulin ?
Definition
regulates plasma membrane ca2+ pumps
Term
How is Ca2+ cleaned up in cardiac muscle? Molecules. and how does it affect heart contractiltiy?
Definition
a Na+/Ca2+ ANTIPORTER (not a pump) transports out calcium. 3 Na+ 1 Ca2+
increase in Ca2+ in heart cytosol increases contraction
Term
what is special about cardiac muscle pertaining to calclium entry?
Definition
has no triads, relies on entry of extracellular calclim
Term
Caclium prescence inside cell of cardiac muscle heart vs muscle cell
Definition
in cardiac- high Ca2+ lowers contratility
in muscle- high ca2+ causes contraction
Term
Name all of the Membrane transport proteins involved in gastric acid secretion? where are each located
Definition
H+/K+ ATPase (p class pump)
Cl- channel
K+- channels
HCO3-/Cl- antiporter (Basolateral side)
rest are on apical membrane
Term
what complex acidifies lysosomes? what are the parts of this complex
Definition
V-class pumps
TWO PARTS
V1= cytoplasmic (breaks atp
V2=transmembrane (proton channel)
Term
what are v class ion pumps used for
Definition
maintaining low ph of acidic vesicles
Term
what types of cells express Vclass ion pumps?
Definition
Osteoclasts
Macrophages
Kidney tubules cells (Nh3 to NH4)
Term
V type proton production ?
F type proton consuption ?
Definition
2
4
Term
What does ABC transport proteins stand for? general structure ?
Definition
ATP binding cassette
Four domains two cytosolic two Transmembrane (form passage)
Term
What is ABCB4's job
Definition
to transport phosphatidylcholine to outer leaflet in membrane which is later realeased into bile.
its also the mechanism for flipping phopholipids
Term
What is ABCB1 other name ? what happens when it is overexpressed
Definition
MDR1 Multi drug resisitance transport protein.
chemotherapy drugs are pummped out
Term
What is CFTR? wher is it expressed and what does it do
Definition
Cystic fibrosis transmembrane regulator
expressed in apical membrane of epithelia in lungs, exocrine glands (sweat and pancreas)
Term
what is lost energy of electrons running down the ETC used for ?
Definition
Pumping out protons
Term
In F and V type pumps what subunit is in the membrane and which is located on the cytosolic side? funny saying ?
Definition
X0- membrane
X1- Cytosolic
Membrane is ground
Term
Atp total net and gained for all processese
Definition
Here is the overall breakdown:
-2 ATP Glycolysis stage 1
4 ATP Glycolysis stage 2
2 NADH Glycolysis stage 2
2 NADH produced from pyruvate to Acetyl CoA
6 NADH from Krebs cycle
2 FADH2 from Krebs cycle
2 ATP from Krebs cycle
The NADH and FADH2 go on to the electron transport chain and ATP is produced from them:
NADH results in the production of 3 ATP per NADH
FADH2 results in the production of 2 ATP per FADH2
(Note that the NADH from glycolysis stage 2 requires an ATP to transport the NADH into the mitochondrion, so the net is 2 ATP per NADH from glycolysis stage 2, for a total of 4 ATP instead of the 6 you would normally expect)
So, overall:
4 ATP (glycolysis stage 2) +
4 ATP (from NADH from glycolysis stage 2) +
24 ATP (NADH from Krebs cycle) +
4 ATP (from FADH2 from Krebs cycle) +
2 ATP (succinyl CoA to succinate step) =
38 ATP total
-2 ATP used in glycolysis =
36 net ATP from glycolysis, Krebs and electron transport.
Term
What percent of energy of glucose is used to make ATP. How much is the reduction potential of two electrons reduced during ETC
Definition
40%
1.14 V
Term
what transports electrons between the complexes of ETC
Definition
Coenzyme Q and
Cytochrome C
Term
What do the electrons do to oxygen and how is aging related to this?
Definition
splits o2 into superoxide (O2-) which combines with two h+ to form water,
super oxide is a ROS that can damage tissues around it. aging atributed to mitochondrial damage
Term
how many protons are pumped by each complex and carrier in ETC for NadH
Definition
Complex I pumps four protons, Complex III pumps two protons, and Complex IV pumps four protons, resulting in ten protons pumped per electron pair (NADH molecule) entering the chain.
Term
how many protons are pumped out per FADH2
Definition
FADH2 pump only six protons up the gradient
Term
How can poisons interrupt cellular respiration?
Definition
block movement of electrons,
block movement of H+ through ATP synthase,
increase membrane permeability of h+
Term
what are proton ionophores?
Definition
allow h+ to leak across inner mitochondrial membrane
Term
What is thermogenesis? where does it occur and how does it work?
Definition
special regulation of oxidative phosphorylation to produce heat (NOT BY SHIVERING), it occurs only in the mitochondria of brown fat, it works by UNCOUPLING electron transport and passing the protons through thermogenin , a UCP instead of ATP synthase producing heat instead of ATP
Term
What is UCP? in humans who has it
Definition
Uncoupler protein only newborns have it to adjust to room temp
Term
Pumps can use what energy sources?
Definition
ATP
photons directly
energy of free electrons
Term
What are primary transporters
Definition
molecules that bring in other molecules faster than usual
Na in Na+ glucose symporter
Term
Organelle is essentially
Definition
a gradient of different enzymes , and ph
Term
how many protons needed for one turn of V class pump ?
Definition
3
Term
two drugs that were once used in congestive heart failure, they block na+k+ pumps
Definition
straphotus gratus
digitalis pupera
Term
what is unique about MDR1 protein compared to other transport proteins
Definition
unspecific for substrate hence multi drug resisitant
Term
what types of tranport proteins are irreversible ?
Definition
pumps and cotransporters
Term
What are the to domains of epithelial cells
Definition
apical , and basolateral faces
Term
What is the brush border, what stuructures are on it, what are these strucures for and how are they formed
Definition
apical membrane, microvilli, increase SA, formed from actin bundles
Term
whats on the tips of microvilli that contain sugar breakdown enzymes
Definition
glycocalyx
Term
Condition, defect in SGLT1 ?
Definition
glucose-galactose mabsorption (GGM)
Term
Describe glucose transport through intestinal epithelium
Definition
Na k pump- sets up low sodium high k inside
SGlt1- brings in glucose from na gradient
high glucose in epithiel leaves through glut 2,
K channel purges excess k+ inside
Term
what form of proteins can the intestinal epithelium only tranport
Definition
amino acids, no proteins or peptides
Term
what is a renal column, whats its function
Definition
in kidney in between renal pyramids where urine is sent to the bladder
Term
what are the major parts of the nephron
Definition
renal corpuscle, renal tubules
Term
what are the substrates needed for atp production ?
Definition
glucose or fatty acids and O2
Term
What causes ishemic heart disease? how can we fix it
Definition
inadequate energy available for heart needs (not necesarily low blood supply) . either lower metabolic needs or increase metabolic substrates and atp production
Term
list three risk factors for coronary heart disease that affect metabolic supply of substrates for ATP
Definition
Underweight, (fat)
Low fruits and vegatbales,( glucose)
Iron deficency (O2)
Term
name the three stages of oxidative phosphorylation
Definition
TCA
ETC
ATP synthase
Term
Describe the filtration membrane in kidneys ? can substances get inbetween endothelial cells in kidney? eptithlia
Definition
endothelial cell, double thickness basal lamina, epithelial cell
, Yes fenestrated endothelial
No tight junctions
Term
Components of primary filtrate? what does it resemble
Definition
protein free, plasma
Term
reabosorbtion of glucose and ions , in the kidneys happens where
Definition
proximal tubule
Term
kidney absorbtion of glucose vs inestinal absorbtion of glucoces
Definition
same
Term
describe salt and water reabsorption in kidney , glucose, aminoacids
Definition
Term
In sodium aminoacid symporter how many sodium are transported per lueicine
Definition
2 na+ per lueicine
Term
What is Renal threshold ? glucose , amino acids? aminoaciduria? and glyouria ?
Definition
plasma concentration that compound will appear in urine, 180mg/dl , 65mg/dl
Term
what does antidiuretic hormone (vasopressin) do ?
Definition
decreases the amouhnt of aquaporin protein in the decending loop of henle
Term
what is diabetes insipidus and what causes it ? what is treatment
Definition
Term
list three of the main antiporter systems ? give ratio of molecues passed ? where are they found
Definition
NHE-1 Na+/H+ 1-1(kidney and gut epithelia)
NCE Na+/Ca2+ 3-1 (heart)
Band 3 protein - HCO3-/Cl- 1-1 (erythocyte)
Term
what is the function of NHE-1, NCE,
Definition
control cytosolic ph
clean up intacellular heart calcium concentration
Term
which way does Band 3 protein tranfer its substrates in systemic cirulation ? Pulmonary circulation ?
Definition
Hco3- out cl- in
Hco3- in cl- out
Term
Describe how c02 transport works in erythrocytes ? which transporter is involed and what is the critical enzyme in side the cell
Definition
carbonic anhydrase
band 3 protein
Term
Mechanism of Hc03-/cl- antiporter
Definition
anion binding site on one side open only!!! conformation change tranports and opens up second binding sight on the other side
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