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Cell Injury
Lecture 1 Part 2
113
Pathology
Graduate
06/20/2014

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Term
Cell's function
Definition
Resist external microorganisms as well as recover from insult and inflammation in a timely fashion
Term
What major factor causes cells to become less adaptable and able to overocme microorganisms
Definition
Age
Term
Age-related changes: specific areas
Definition
cell membranes, mitochondria
Term
Decreased functional abilities caused by atrpohy or tissue or organ are a result of
Definition
pathologic cell changes
Term
Resisitance to infection and disease decrease with
Definition
aging
Term
How to delay cell degradation due to aging?
Definition
exercise, diet, anti-oxidant compounds
Term
WHat is reponsible for the removal of the injurious agent, removal of cellular debris, and the inititaion of the healing process?
Definition
inflammation
Term
The ______ the stressor, the _______ the inflammation
Definition
greater
Term
If complete regeneration of the tissue is not possible, the damage tissue is replaced by.,..
Definition
scar tissue
Term
What is scar tissue
Definition
non-functional fibrotic connective tissue
Term
Sublethal cell injury
Definition
reversible
Term
Lethal cell injury
Definition
irreversible
Term
What are the factors associated with reversing the injury?
Definition
mechanism, duration of exposure, severity
Term
What is ischemia?
Definition
lack of proper bloodflow
Term
Lack of oxygen
Definition
anoxia
Term
Insufficient oxygen
Definition
hypoxia
Term
Examples of ischemia
Definition
stroke, myocardial infarction
Term
WHat is ischemia caused by?
Definition
reduction of the blood flow or increase demand for blood
Term
Problems associated with hypoxia/anoxia due to blood flow shortage?
Definition
decreased delivery of nutrients and removal of waste products from the tissue
Term
Cell Injury Mechanisms: Immune Reactions
Definition
abnormal immune system function can occur as a reaction to an antigen on a cell
Term
Problems associated with Immune Reactions
Definition
too strong of a reaction occurs, killing the antigen and also damaging/killing the cell
Term
Cell Injury Mechanisms: Immune Reactions example
Definition
anaphylaxis
Term
Cell Injury Mechanisms: Genetic Factors
Definition
cell injury/death can occur through genetic alterations
Term
Cell Injury Mechanisms: Genetic Factors 1
Definition
altering the structure # of chromosomes that may cause abnormalities
Term
Cell Injury Mechanisms: Genetic Factors 2
Definition
Gene mutations can change the amount or function of protein
Term
Cell Injury Mechanisms: Genetic Factors 3
Definition
Multiple gene mutations that interact with the environmental factors to cause multifactorial disorders
Term
Cell Injury Mechanisms: Nutritional Factors
Definition
insufficiens or imbalances of essential nutrietns can cause cell injury or death
Term
Cell Injury Mechanisms: Physical Factors
Definition
heat, cold, electricity, trauma
Term
Cell Injury Mechanisms: Chemical Factors
Definition
toxic substances
Term
If the injury is small in magnitude, the cell can continue to function in a hazardous manner, how?
Definition
increased cell volume, lowered pH, removal of ribosomes from Rough Endoplasmic reticulum
Term
The cell adapts by making alterations in the affected cells, tissues, and organs due to
Definition
chronic stress
Term
What adaptatiosn allow the cell to continue functioning and avoi further injury
Definition
atrophy, hypertrophy, hyperplasia, metaplasia
Term
Lethal injury leads to alterations in the cell's what?
Definition
nucelus, mitchondria, lysosomes, cell membrane
Term
What responses are involved with inflammation?
Definition
vascular, humoral, neurologic, cellular
Term
Inactivate teh injurious agent, breakdown and remove dead cells, initiate healing
Definition
functions of the inflammatory reaciton
Term
Cardinal signs of actue inflammation
Definition
rubor, tumor, calor, dolar
Term
What are the cardinal signs of inflammation due to?
Definition
Increased local blood flow and vasodilaiton, leaking fluid into extravascular spaces
Term
What is transudation
Definition
leakage of low-protein flood from the blodo vessel wall into interstitial spaces
Term
If swelling occurs in an anatomic space it is called an...
Definition
effusion
Term
What are examples of anatomic spaces
Definition
pericardium, pleura, joint
Term
If the transudate is protein-rich it is called
Definition
exudate
Term
What is chemotaxis
Definition
migration of key cells toward the injury site in response to chemical mediators
Term
Pre-Healing: Step 1
Definition
Cessation of blood flow in the affected vessels
Term
Pre-Healing: Step 2
Definition
CHemotaxis
Term
Pre-Healing: Step 3
Definition
Margination
Term
Pre-Healing: Step 4
Definition
Diapedesis
Term
Pre-Healing: Step 5
Definition
Phagocytes then remove debris of the microbial agents
Term
Pre-Healing: Step 6
Definition
Healing and regeneration
Term
What is margination?
Definition
leukocytes accumulate and stick to the inside of the vessel walls at the injury site
Term
WHat is diapedesis?
Definition
leukocytes pass through the vessel walls into the interstitial space
Term
What is indicative of an inflammatory process?
Definition
presence of higher concentrations of leukocytes in tissue or fluid
Term
WHat is neutrophil accumulation indicative of?
Definition
inflammation is acute and is found in sites of bacterial invasion
Term
What is the role of neutrophils?
Definition
neutralize bacterial growth
Term
What is leukocytosis?
Definition
increased concentration of White blood cells
Term
What is leukocytosis an indication of?
Definition
acute inflammatory reaction
Term
WHat is leukopenia?
Definition
decreased concentration of white blood cells
Term
What is leukopenia indicative of?
Definition
severe systemic infection
Term
WHat is a mediator?
Definition
medium in transferring something from one place to another in the body
Term
How does chronic inflammation occur? 1 method
Definition
when the injurious agennt is not removed
Term
How does chronic inflammation occur? 2nd method
Definition
repeated episodes of acute inflammation
Term
How does chronic inflammation occur? 3rd method
Definition
when cells injured by injurious agent cannot recover
Term
Chronic Inflammation Hallmark: 1
Definition
Accumulation of cells such as macrophages, lymphocytes, and plasma cells in the area of injury
Term
Chronic Inflammation Hallmark: 2
Definition
less swelling
Term
Chronic Inflammation Hallmark: 3
Definition
granulated tissue
Term
Pt's Role in Decreasing Inflammation: 1
Definition
Minimize inflammation at injury site
Term
Pt's Role in Decreasing Inflammation: 2
Definition
Cryotherapy, e-stim
Term
Pt's Role in Decreasing Inflammation: 3
Definition
exercise
Term
How does exercise affect inflammation?
Definition
# and functioning of immune cells and lymphocytes in the area
Term
What occurs within 24 hours from the time of injury?
Definition
migration of fibroblasts from nearby healthy tissue
Term
When the fibroblasts reach the injured area what tdo they do?
Definition
proliferate and synthesize a framework for developing cells
Term
The network created by fibroblasts at the site of injury is used for what types of developing cells?
Definition
fibronectin, proteoglycans, elastin, collagen
Term
parenchymal cells
Definition
distinguishing cells of a tissue or organ
Term
Why is regeneration the optimal mode of healing?
Definition
dead cells are replaced by functional cells
Term
Cells can only go through regeneration if...
Definition
cells can undergo mitosis
Term
What are examples of cells that cannot under go mitosis?
Definition
ccardiac myocytes, neurons
Term
Cells that cannot undergo mitosis are called what?
Definition
permanent cells
Term
What are some examples of cells which normally do not undergo mitosis, but can in special circumstances
Definition
hepatocytes, skeletal muscle cells, kidney cells
Term
If a cell normally does not undergo mitosis, but can, in special circumstances, it is called...
Definition
stable cells
Term
WIthin 48 hours of a skin wound, proliferation begins in endothelial cells of what?
Definition
blood vessels
Term
Why is the proliferation of blood vessels at the margin of the skin injury important?
Definition
provides a vascular network that can bring oxygen and nutrients to the healing tissues
Term
What is the process of new blood vessel formation called?
Definition
neovascularization
Term
Parenchymal Cells Proliferation: 1
Definition
nearby viable cells move away from dead cells
Term
Parenchymal Cells Proliferation: 2
Definition
remaining epithelial cells then cover area left bare by necrotic cells
Term
Parenchymal Cells Proliferation: 3
Definition
epithelial cells divide and migrate to injury site
Term
What happens during neovascularization?
Definition
new capillaries are formed until they reach the site of injury
Term
What is wound contraction?
Definition
newly formed matrix shrinks with healing, diminishing the size of the tissue defect
Term
Why is wound contraction important?
Definition
speeds up the closure of the wound
Term
Excessive shrinkage of healing tissue takes place is known as what?
Definition
contracture
Term
What is a common example of a contracture?
Definition
3rd degree burns
Term
To avoid contractures, medical staff must focus on what?
Definition
patient positioning and splinting
Term
Formation of Scar Tissue
Definition
occurs with necrosis of permanent cells or with excessive necrosis of tissues with removal of the connective tissue matrix
Term
Surgical obliteration of the tissue defect caused by tissue injury and cell necrosis is known as what
Definition
scar minimization
Term
What is a keloid?
Definition
hypertrophic scar
Term
What is a keloid composed of
Definition
type III collagen
Term
How is a keloid formed?
Definition
defective remodeling of scar tissue
Term
Keloid scare are more common among whom?
Definition
african-american and mediterranean descents
Term
WHat is the primary factor affecting healing?
Definition
adequate blood supply
Term
Well-vascularized tissues will heal ____ as compared to those with a poor blood supply
Definition
faster
Term
Factors Affecting Healing: 1
Definition
blood supply to wound
Term
Factors Affecting Healing: 2
Definition
age
Term
Factors Affecting Healing: 3
Definition
growth factors
Term
Factors Affecting Healing: 4
Definition
vascular insufficiency
Term
Factors Affecting Healing: 5
Definition
general health, immunocompetency of the indvidual
Term
Factors Affecting Healing: 6
Definition
presence of comorbidities
Term
Factors Affecting Healing: Presence of Comorbidities: 1
Definition
diabetes
Term
Factors Affecting Healing: Presence of Comorbidities: 2
Definition
local or systemic cancer
Term
Factors Affecting Healing: Presence of Comorbidities: 3
Definition
neurologic impairment
Term
Factors Affecting Healing: Presence of Comorbidities: 4
Definition
decreased oxygen perfusion as in pulmoary disease
Term
Factors Affecting Healing: Presence of Comorbidities: 5
Definition
incontinence
Term
Factors Affecting Healing: Presence of Comorbidities: 6
Definition
immobility
Term
Factors Affecting Healing: Presence of Comorbidities: 7
Definition
use/abuse of alcohol, tobacco, caffiene
Term
Factors Affecting Healing: Presence of Comorbidities: 8
Definition
proper nutrition
Term
Factors Affecting Healing: Presence of Comorbidities: 9
Definition
concurrent medical treatments
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