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Cell Cycle
Biology 200 Lecture Notes
19
Biology
Undergraduate 2
07/26/2011

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Term
Mitosis: Interphase
Definition
After chromosome replication, each chromosome is composed of two sister chromatids. Centrosomes have replicated.
Term
Mitosis: Prophase
Definition
Chromosomes condense, and mitotic spindle begins to form.
Term
Mitosis: Prometaphase
Definition
Nuclear envelope breaks down. Spindle fibers contact chromosomes at kinetochore.
Term
Mitosis: Metaphase
Definition
Chromosomes complete migration to middle of cell.
Term
Mitosis: Anaphase
Definition
Sister chromatids separate. Chromosomes are pulled to opposite poles of the cell.
Term
Mitosis: Telophase
Definition
The nuclear envelope re-forms, and the spindle apparatus disintegrates.
Term
Mitosis: Cell division begins
Definition
Actin-myosin ring causes the plasma membrane to begin pinching in.
Term
Mitosis: Cell division is complete
Definition
Two daughter cells form.
Term
What are the 4 phases of the cell cycle?
Definition
G1, S phase, G2, and Mitosis.
Term
Pass G1 checkpoint if...
Definition
Nutrients are sufficient, growth factors are present, cell size is adequate, chromosome is undamaged.
Term
Pass G2 checkpoint if...
Definition
Chromosome replication is successfully completed, no DNA damage, activated enzymes present.
Term
Pass M phase checkpoint if...
Definition
All chromosomes are attached to spindle.
Term
What is the M phase checkpoint regulated by?
Definition
Cyclin
Term
What is the Mitosis Promoting Factor made of?
Definition
Cyclin, Cdk, and Cyclin-bound Phosphate.
Term
What is MPF activated by?
Definition
The dephosphorylation of MPF Cdk each cycle.
Term
The G1 Checkpoint: Social Control and Rb
Definition
1) Growth factors arrive from other cells.
2) Growth factors cause increase in E2F and Cyclin concentration.
3) Cyclin binds to Cdk; Cdk is phosphorylated. Rb inactivates E2F by binding to it.
4) Cdk is activated by dephosphorylation. It catalyzes phosphorylation of Rb.
5) Rb releases E2F.
6) E2F enters nucleus and triggers production of S phase proteins.
Term
Mutations may cause some cells to lose __________ and go through the cell cycle too ________ or too _________.
Definition
social control; often; quickly.
Term
Visible Characteristics of Cancer-Causing Cells
Definition
Rapid mitosis and growth; recruitment of blood vessels; movement to other tissues (metastasis).
Term
Non-Visible Characteristics of Cancer-Causing Cells
Definition
Lack of checkpoint control (tumor suppressor), telomerase activity, increased checkpoint passing activity (oncogene), lack of apoptotic control.
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