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Cell Bio Respiratory
KYCOM Block 3
142
Biology
Graduate
10/14/2012

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Term
what are the conducting portions of the respiratory system
Definition
nasal cavity, nasopharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, bronchioles, terminal bronchioles
Term
what is the respiratory portion of the respiratory system
Definition
respiratory bronchioles, aveolar ducts, aveoli
Term
what are the functions of the conducting portion of the respiratory system
Definition
conduct ait to and from the lungs, clean humidify and warm air
Term
how does the respiratory system clean air
Definition
hairs and mucus trap particulate matter
Term
how does the respiratory system humidify ait, why
Definition
mucous and serous secretions add moisture to protect the aveolar lining from desiccation
Term
how does the respiratory system warm air
Definition
superificial vascular network
Term
what is most of the conducting portion of the respiratory system lined with, what special featues do the cells have
Definition
respiratory epithelium with cillia, pseudostratified columnar, goblet cells
Term
what glands does the conducting respoiratory epithelium have, where are they located
Definition
mucous and serous, in lamina propria and submucosa
Term
how many cell types does the conducting respiratory epithelium have
Definition
5
Term
how many cells touch the basement membrane in conducting respiratory epithelium
Definition
all of them
Term
what are the cell types of the conducting respiratory epithelium
Definition
ciliated columnar, goblet cells, brush cells, basal cells, small granular cells
Term
how many cilia does a ciliated columnar cell, what does it have in order to support their function
Definition
around 300, many mitochondria to supply ATP
Term
where on a goblet cells are mucous droplets
Definition
apical portion
Term
what is mucous drops from a goblet cell made of
Definition
glycoproteins
Term
what shape are brush cells, what features do they have
Definition
columnar cells with microvilli, afferent nerve endings (on basal surfaces), sensory receptors
Term
what is the function of basal cells, where are they not loacted
Definition
they are reserve cells that can differentate into other cell types, not in the laminal surface
Term
what cells resemble a basal cell
Definition
small granular cells
Term
how many dense core granules does a granular cell contain
Definition
100-300
Term
what type of cell is a neurocndocrine cell
Definition
small granular cell of the respiratory epithelium
Term
what system is a neuroendocrine cell part of
Definition
diffuse neuroendocrine system
Term
what is the most anterior portion of the nasal cavity
Definition
vestibule
Term
what glands does the vestibule of the nasal cavity contain
Definition
sebaceous and sweat
Term
what are vibrissae, where are they located
Definition
thick short hairs of the bestivule of the nasal cavity
Term
what is the function of vibrissae
Definition
filter out large particles from inspired air
Term
before entering the nasal fossae, what does the epithelium transition fo
Definition
non-keratinized then respiratory epithelium
Term
what are the nasal fossae
Definition
two cavernous chambers with three conchae projecting from the lateral wall
Term
what seperates the nasal fossae cavities
Definition
nasal septum
Term
what part of the nasal fossae is covered by olfactory epithelium
Definition
roof and portion of the superior conchae
Term
if not covered by the olfactory epithelium, what is the nasal fossae covered by
Definition
respiratory epithelium
Term
what is the function of the conchae, how
Definition
improve conditioning of air by providing greater surface area of contact and trublent air flow
Term
where are swell bodies located
Definition
mucos of the conchae
Term
what are swell bodies
Definition
venous plexuses
Term
how does the epithelium of the nasal fossae recover from desiccation
Definition
every 20-30 minutes the swell bodies on one side become engourged limiting airflow on that side
Term
what formation of vessels allows efficient warming of air, where are they located
Definition
in the nasal fossae there is a lattace formation of vessels arcading to the surface
Term
where is the olfactory mucosa located
Definition
in the roof of the nasal cavity
Term
what are the shape of the cells in the olfactory mucosa
Definition
pseudostratified columnar epithelium
Term
what are the types of cells in the olfactory mucosa
Definition
supporting, basal, olfactory
Term
what color are the suppoering cells of the olfactory mucosa
Definition
light yellow
Term
what projections do the supporting cells of the olfactory mucosa have, what are they surrounded by
Definition
microvilli, a fluid layer
Term
what are the basal cells of the olfactory mucosa shaped like, where are the located
Definition
round or cone shaped, at the base of the epithelium
Term
what are olfactory cells really
Definition
bipolar neurons
Term
what forms the dendrites of the olfactory cells, what do they respond to
Definition
long non-motile cilia that respond to odoriferous substances
Term
what forms olfactory nerves
Definition
afferent axons
Term
what secretes the fluid layer that covers the surface of the olfactory mucosa
Definition
bowman's glands
Term
where are the paranasal sinuses located
Definition
frontal, maxillary, ethmoid, and sphenoid bones
Term
what are paranasal sinuses lined with
Definition
thin respiratory epithelium, few goblet cells
Term
how does mucus get out of the paranasal sinuses
Definition
it drains into the nasal cavity aided by cilia
Term
what is the nasopharynx
Definition
the first part of hte larynx
Term
what is the nasopharynx lined by
Definition
respiratory epithelium
Term
what does the larynx connect
Definition
pharynx to trachea
Term
what are the large cartilages of the larynx
Definition
thyroid, cricoid, arythenoids
Term
what type of cartilage are the large cartilages of the larynx
Definition
hyaline
Term
what are the small cartilages of the larynx
Definition
epiglottis, cuneiform, corniculate, tips of the arytenoids
Term
what type a cartilage are the small cartilages of the larynx
Definition
elastic
Term
what is the larnyx lined by
Definition
respitory epithelium (mostly) and stratified squamous epithelium
Term
where is the larynx lined by stratified squamous epithelium
Definition
lingul and apical epiglottis
Term
what are the true vocal cords
Definition
lingul and apical epiglottis
Term
what is the vocal ligament
Definition
large bundles of elastic fibers in the true vocal cords
Term
what is the trachea lined with
Definition
typical respiratory eipthelium
Term
what forms the skeleton of the trachea
Definition
16-20 C shaped rings
Term
what is the function of the C rings of the trachea
Definition
keep airway open
Term
what joins the open ends of the trachea
Definition
fibroelastic ligament and smooth muscle
Term
what is the function of the fibroelastic ligament and smooth muscle at the open ends of the trachea
Definition
prevent overdistension and control lumen size
Term
what type of glands does the trachea have
Definition
seromucous
Term
how does the trachea end
Definition
divides into two primary bronchi
Term
where does the primary bornchi enter the lung
Definition
hilum
Term
how many times does a primary bronchi divide
Definition
9-12
Term
what is the structure of the bronchi similar to
Definition
trachea
Term
what is the bronchi lined with
Definition
typical respiratory epithelium
Term
compart the cartilages of the bronchi to the trachea
Definition
the bronchi rings are more irregular, they are complete in the larger bronchi, in the smaller bronchi they are replaced by isolated plates
Term
what is beneath the epithelium of the bronchi
Definition
smooth muscle
Term
how is the smooth muscle of the bronchi arranged
Definition
cross crossed, spirally
Term
what zone of the bronchi has the most prominate smooth muscle
Definition
respiratory
Term
what type of glands does the bronchi have
Definition
mucous, secous
Term
what type of fibers does the bronchi have
Definition
elastic
Term
where are the many lymphocytes of the bronchi located
Definition
lamina propria and epithelium
Term
where are lymphatic nodules especially present in relation to the bronchi
Definition
branch points
Term
describe the glands and cartilage of the bronchioles
Definition
there are none
Term
what are the walls of the bronchioles made of
Definition
smooth muscle and elastic fibers, goblet cells in initial segments
Term
what are pulmonary lobules
Definition
pyramid shaped areas with one bronchiole entering it
Term
what seperates lobules
Definition
thin connective tissue septum
Term
how many terminal bronchioles does each bronchiole have
Definition
5-7
Term
what is the shape of the epithelium of the bronchioles, what are the differences based on loaction, what projections in what locations
Definition
simplifies in height and complexity from ciliated pseudodtratified columnar in larger bronchioles to simple ciliated columnar of cuboidal in smaller terminal bronchioles
Term
where are clara cells located
Definition
bronchiole epithelium
Term
what projections of clara cells have
Definition
none
Term
what granules do clara cells have
Definition
apical secretory
Term
what do clara cells secrete, what is their function
Definition
surface acting substances, prevent collapse and adherence of the epithelium. proteins to protect bronchiolar lining against oxidative pollutants and inflammation
Term
where are neuroepithelial bodies located
Definition
bronchioles
Term
what is the function of neuroepithelial bodies
Definition
recieve cholinergic nerve endings, chemoreceptors that react to changes in gas composition, repair and endothelial cell renewal after injury
Term
what do terminal bronchioles divide into, how many
Definition
2 or more respiratory bronchioles
Term
what are respiratory bronchioles a transition befteen
Definition
condicting and respiratory portions of the respiratory system
Term
what are respiratory bronchioles structurally identical to, except?
Definition
terminal bronchioles except their walls are interrupted by saclike aveoli
Term
what does the epithelium transition to at the aveolar openings
Definition
squamous aveolar lining cells
Term
what cells are located in the distal regions of the respiratory bronchioles
Definition
ciliated cuboidal epithelial cells change to nonciliated, clara cells present
Term
at what point is the resporatory bronchiole called an aveolar duct
Definition
when the opening in the wall of the respiratory bronchiole becomes so numeorus nothing else is left
Term
what is located between aveoli and their openings
Definition
smooth muscle that appears as knobs and dissipears distally
Term
what supports the aveolar ducts and aveoli
Definition
elastic and reticular fibers
Term
what do aveolar ducts open into
Definition
atria
Term
what do atria communicate with
Definition
two more more aveolar sacs
Term
what encircles the openings of atria, aveolar sacs, and aveoli
Definition
elastic and reticular fiber complex networks
Term
what is the function of the elastic fibers of the aveoli
Definition
allow them to expand with inspiration and contract passivly in expiration
Term
what is the function of the reticular fibers of the aveoli
Definition
prevent overdistension and damage to the capillaries and aveolar septa
Term
what is the site of gas exchange between air and blood
Definition
aveoli
Term
what is an interaveolar septum
Definition
each wall between two neighboring aveoli
Term
what connect adjacent aveoli, what is the function of these structures
Definition
pores that equalize pressure and promote collateral circulation if a bronchiole is obstructed
Term
what is the interaveolar septum mave of
Definition
two thin squamous epithelial layers with capillarie, elastic fibers, reticular fibers, connective tissue matrix, a cells between them
Term
what are the cells in the interaveolar septum
Definition
leukocytes, macrophages, fibroblasts
Term
what is the interstitium
Definition
capillaries and connective tissue of the interaveolar septum
Term
what structures form the blood air barrier
Definition
aveolar lining, fused basal laminae of aveolar lining and endothelial cell, endothelial cell
Term
how is CO2 liberated from H2CO3, where does this occur
Definition
carbonic anhydrase in the RBC
Term
what type of endothelial lining do the capillaries of the aveolar lining have
Definition
continous, not fenestrated
Term
how does the capillary of the aveoli stay so thin
Definition
clustering of the nuclei and organells
Term
what do the flattened portions of the aveoli capillary endothelium contain
Definition
pinocytotic vesicles
Term
what is the most prevlient cell of the aveolar surface
Definition
type 1 aveolar cells
Term
what shape are type one aveolar cells
Definition
squamous
Term
how are organells aranged in type 1 aveolar cells, why
Definition
around the nucleus allowing large areas of the cytoplasm virtually free of organelles
Term
what does the thin portion of type 1 aveolar cells contain, why
Definition
pinocytotic vesicles for turnover of surfactant, removal of particulate contaminats from the surface
Term
what type of junctions do type 1 aveolar cells have, why
Definition
occulding to prevent leakage of tissue fluid into the aveolar air space
Term
how are type 2 aveolar cells aranged, where
Definition
in groups of two or three along the aveolar surface often in angles of the walls
Term
what type of junctions do type 2 aveolar cells have, with what other cells, what does this form
Definition
occluding junctions with type 1 forming part of the epithelium
Term
what is the difference between the origin of type 1 and 2 aveolar cells
Definition
there is none, they divide to replace both 1 and 2
Term
what makes the cytoplasm of the type 2 aveolar cells different, why is it
Definition
it is vesicular or foamy due to the lamellar bodies
Term
what do lamellar bodies contain
Definition
phospholipids, glycosaminoglycans, proteins
Term
what is the secretion of lamellar bodies called (what cells does this come from)
Definition
pumlmonary surfactant, type 2 aveolar
Term
where is pulmonary surfactant located once secreted
Definition
apical surface of aveolar cells
Term
what is the function of pulmonary surfactant
Definition
reduce aveolar surface tension, takes less force to inflate aveoli, prevents collapse of aveoli in expiration
Term
at what point in development does surfactant appear
Definition
in last weeks of gestation during fetal lung development
Term
what happens if a newborn is deficient in surfactant
Definition
respiratory distress syndrome
Term
do you keep the same surfactant all your life
Definition
no, it is constantly turned over
Term
what are dust cells also called
Definition
aveolar macrophages
Term
where are dust cells located
Definition
interior of ineraveolar septum on surface of the aveolus
Term
what do dust cells eat
Definition
debris passed from aveolar lumen to the interstitium by the phincytotic activity of type 1 aveolar cells
Term
what is the path of a dust cell, what is its destany
Definition
it scavanges its way to the surface and is carried up the airway, then swallowed
Term
what marks the begining of the trachea
Definition
cricoid cartilage
Term
what do seromucus glands do
Definition
help goblet cells keep mucous moist
Term
what do serous glands secrete
Definition
a thin fluid
Term
describe the smooth muscle content of the bronchi as they decrease in diameter
Definition
smooth muscle will make up more of the bronchi branch
Term
what type of lymph tissue is by bronchi
Definition
diffuse lymphoid tissue with nodules
Term
what is the name of the branches begining with primary bronchi and ending with aveoli
Definition
primary bronchi > bronchi > bronchioles > terminal branches > acenous > respiratory branches > aveolar duct > atria > aveolar sac > terminal aveoli
Term
what is the acenous
Definition
recieves terminal bronchiole and gives off respiratory bronchiole. smallest functional unit of the lung
Term
what do bronchioles correspond to
Definition
1 per lobule of the lung
Term
what is the atria
Definition
dilated area of aveolar ducts
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