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Cell Bio Male Reproduction
KYCOM Block 4
152
Biology
Graduate
11/30/2012

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Term
what are the parts of the male reproductive system
Definition
testes, genital ducts, accessory glands, penis
Term
what do the testes make
Definition
spermatozoa and hormones
Term
what are the testes surrounded by
Definition
thick capsule of dense connective tissue, tunica albugenia
Term
where is the tunica albugenia the thickest
Definition
the posterior surface of the testies, tunica mediastinum
Term
where do the septa that devide the testes into testicular lobules come from
Definition
tunica mediastinum
Term
what does each lobule of the testes contain
Definition
1-4 seminiferous tubules
Term
what are seminiferous tubules surrounded by
Definition
loose CT rich in blood lymphatic vessels, nerves, and leydig cells
Term
what type of cells are leydig cells
Definition
interstitial cells
Term
what do the seminiferous tubules make
Definition
spermatozoa
Term
what do interstitial cells of the testes make
Definition
testicular androgens
Term
what happens at the endo of the seminiferous tubules
Definition
lumen narrows and it continues in short segments called tubuli recti
Term
what are tubuli recti
Definition
straight tubules at the end of seminiferous tubules
Term
what do straight tubules connect to
Definition
rete testes
Term
what are the rete testes
Definition
anastomosing network of channels connecting straight tubules to ductuli efferetentes
Term
what does the ductuli efferents connect
Definition
rete testis to cephalic epididymis
Term
what are the seminiferous tubule slined by
Definition
complex stratified epithelium aka geminal or seminiferous epithelium
Term
what are the types of cells in the seminiferous epithelium
Definition
supporting or steroli cells, cells of spermatogenic lineage
Term
how are cells of spermatogenic lineage arranged
Definition
in stacks of 4-8 layers
Term
what is the outer wall of the seminiferous tubules surrounded by
Definition
well defined basal lamina and fibrous CT with many layers of fibroblasts
Term
what adhers to the basal lamina of the seminiferous tubules
Definition
layer of flattened myoid cells
Term
what do myoid cells have characteristics like
Definition
smooth muscle
Term
what occupys most of the space between seminiferous tubules
Definition
leydig cells
Term
define spermatogenesis
Definition
process by which spermatozoa are formed
Term
what does spermatogenesis begin with
Definition
primitive germ cell, spermatogonium
Term
where are spermatogonium located
Definition
next to basal lamina of epithelium
Term
what happen to spermatogonium at sexual maturity
Definition
begin dividing by mitosis
Term
what paths can dividing spermatogonium take
Definition
type A or type B
Term
what do type A spermatogonia do
Definition
continue dividing as stem cells
Term
what do type B spermatogonia do
Definition
they are progenitor cells that will differentiate into primary spermatocytes
Term
how many chromosomes do primary spermatocytes have
Definition
46 (2n)
Term
how many DNA do primary spermatocytes have
Definition
4d
Term
what happens to primary spermatocytes soon after they form
Definition
enter prophase of meiosis 1
Term
how long does prophase of meiosis 1 take for spermatogenesis
Definition
22 days
Term
what are the largest cells of the spermatogenic lineage, why
Definition
primary spermatocytes, because their prophase is so long
Term
what event creates secondary spermatocytes
Definition
they arise from the first meiotic division
Term
how many chromosomes do seconday spermatocytes have
Definition
23 (1n)
Term
how much DNA do secondary spematocytes have
Definition
2d
Term
what happens to secondary spermatocytes
Definition
they quickly enter the second meiotic division
Term
what arise from the second meoitic division in males
Definition
spermatids
Term
how many chromosomes do spermatids have
Definition
23 (1n)
Term
how much DNA do spermatids have
Definition
1d
Term
define sperminogenesis
Definition
final stage of spermatogenesis where spermatids are transformed into spermatozoa
Term
what happens in spermiogenesis
Definition
formation of acrosome, condensation and elongation of the nucleus, development of the flagellum, loss of most of the cytoplasm
Term
what are the phases of spermiogenesis
Definition
golgi, acrosomal, maturation
Term
what happens in the golgi phase (3 steps)
Definition
1. proacrosomal granules accumulate in golgi
2. they coalesce to form a single acrosomal granule within a membrane limited acrosomal vesicle
3. flagellar axoneme begins to form opposite acrosome
Term
what happens in the acrosomal phase
Definition
scrosomal vesicle spreads over the anterior nucleus becoming acrosome,sperm changes its orientation, nucleus elongates and condenses, flagellum forms, mitochondria aggregate
Term
where do mitochondria aggregate in the acrosomal phase
Definition
around proximal part of flagellum forming middle piece
Term
how is the orientation of the developing sperm changed during the acrosomal phase
Definition
nucleus becomes oriented to the base of the seminiferous tubule, axoneme projects into lumen
Term
what does the acrosome contain
Definition
hydrolytic enzymes, specilized lysosomes
Term
describe the function of the acrosome
Definition
enzymes are released when spermatozoa encounter an oocyte, they dissociate the cells of the corona radiata and digest zona pellucida around oocyte
Term
what happens in the maturation phase
Definition
residual cytoplasm shead, spermatozoa released into lumen of tubule
Term
what happens to the cytoplasm shead by the spermatozoa
Definition
phagocytosed by sertoli cells
Term
during what parts of spermatogenesis are cytoplasmic bridges present
Definition
when type A spermatogonia are comitted to being type B it forms all cells resulting from division attached until spermatogenesis is complete and residual bodies leave
Term
what is the role of cytoplasmic bridges in spermatogenesis
Definition
coordinate sequence of events in spermatogenesis
Term
how long does it take fo get from spermatogonia to mature spermatoza
Definition
74 days
Term
how is spermatogenesis conducted withing the tubules, when where
Definition
in each small area it occurs independently from any other area and different tubules are independent
Term
what makes testicular fluid
Definition
steroli cells and rete testis lining cells
Term
what transports spermatozoa to the epididymis
Definition
testicular fluid
Term
what does testicular fluid contain
Definition
steroids, proteins, ions, androgen binding protein associated with testosterone
Term
where are the steroli cells located
Definition
bases attached to basal lamina, apex frequently reaches the lumen, enveloping cells of spermatocytic lineage
Term
when do sertoli cells divide
Definition
in development only, not during the reproductive period
Term
how do steroli cells stay alive without dividing
Definition
very resistant to infection, malnutrition, and x-ray
Term
how are adjacent sertoli cells bound together
Definition
occluding junctions at basolateral surface and gap junctions
Term
what do bound sertoli cells form
Definition
blood testes barrier
Term
what is the function of gap junctions in sertoli cells
Definition
may regulate cycle of seminiferous epithelium
Term
what do the occluding junctions of sertoli cells do to the structure of the seminiferous tubules
Definition
seperate them into basal compartmant and adluminal compartment
Term
what compartment are spermatogonia in
Definition
basal compartment of the seminiferous tubules, below the blood testis barrier
Term
where are cells of later stages of spermatogenesis located
Definition
in adluminal compartment of the seminiferous tubules above the blood testis barrier
Term
what are the functions of the sertoli cells
Definition
support, protect, regulate nutrition of development spermatozoa, phagocytosis, secretion, blood testis barrier, produce hormone
Term
how do sertoli cells function in support, protection, and nutritional regulation
Definition
mediate exchange of nutrients and metabolites, protect from immunological attack
Term
what do sertoli cells protect spermatozoa from
Definition
sperm specific antigens (they body never desensitized to sperm antigens)
Term
how to sertoli cells have the ability to mediate nutritional exchange for spermatozoa
Definition
because they are isolate from blood supply
Term
what do steroli cells phagocytose
Definition
excess spermatid cytoplasm (residual bodies0
Term
what to sertoli cells secrete
Definition
testicular fluid, androgen binding protein, inhibit, anti-mullerian hormone
Term
what controls release of androgen binding hormone
Definition
FSH and testosterone
Term
what can sertoli cells do with testosterone
Definition
convert it to estradiol
Term
what do inhibin fo
Definition
supress synthesis and release of FSH in the anterior hypophysis, released by the sertoli cell when its released enough androgen binding protein
Term
what does anti mullerian hormone do
Definition
promotes regression of mullerian ducts that would form in a female fetus
Term
what is another name for mullerian ducts
Definition
paramesonepheric ducts
Term
what are wolffian ducts
Definition
structures that are formed in male fetuses
Term
what is another name for wolffian ducts
Definition
mesonepheric ducts
Term
what induces the development of wolffian ducts
Definition
testosterone
Term
what are the cells types in the interstitial tissue between seminiferous tubules
Definition
fibroblasts, undifferentiated connective cells, mast cells, macrophages
Term
when do leydig cells show up
Definition
during puberty
Term
describe the leydic cell, organells etc
Definition
round or polygonal, central nucleus, esinophilic cytoplas, lots of lipid drops
Term
where are the enzymes to make testosterone in the leydig cells
Definition
mitochondria and smoother ER
Term
what is testosterone important for
Definition
spermatogenesis, sexual differentation during embryonic and fetal development, control fo gonadotropin secretion
Term
what is a metabolite of testosterone
Definition
dihydrotestosterone
Term
what does dihydrotestosterone act on
Definition
many organs and tissues: muscle, hair pattern and growth
Term
what stimulates testosterone synthesis is leydig cells
Definition
LH
Term
what relative temperature does spermatogenesis need to occur at
Definition
below core body temperature, approx 35 deg C
Term
what devices allow appropirate testicular temperature
Definition
counter current heat exchange between venous plexus and testicular artery, evaporative cooling, cremaster muscle contraction for warming
Term
what do the tubuli recti join
Definition
ends of seminiferous tubule loop to rete testes
Term
what is the initial segment of the tubuli recti made of
Definition
sertoli cells
Term
what is the main segment of the tubuli recti made of
Definition
cuboidal epithelium supported by dense CT
Term
where are the rete testis located
Definition
mediastinum testis
Term
what are rete testis lined with
Definition
cuboidal epithelium
Term
what do the rete testis connect
Definition
tubuli recti and ductuli efferentss
Term
what do ductuli efferentes connect
Definition
rete testis to ductus epididymids
Term
what lines the ductuli efferentes
Definition
epithelium with groups of noncilliated cuboidal alternating with ciliated, gives scalloped apperance
Term
what direction do the cilia of the ductuli efferents beat
Definition
direction of the epididymis
Term
what is the function of the noncilliated cells of the ductuli efferentes
Definition
absorb fluid secreted by the seminiferous tubules
Term
what is outside of the basal lamina of the ductuli efferentes
Definition
thin layer of circularly oriented smooth muscle
Term
describe the structure of the ductus epididymis
Definition
highly coiled, forms body and tail of the epididymis with CT and vessels
Term
what lines the ductus epididymis
Definition
pseudostratified columnar epithelium with round basal and columnar cells
Term
what is the surface of the ductus epididymis epithelium lined by
Definition
sterocillia
Term
what are sterocillia
Definition
long, branched, irregular microvilli
Term
what does the smooth muscle around the ductus epidydmis do
Definition
peristaltic contractions to help move spermatozoa along duct and loose CT tissue rich in capillaries
Term
what does the vas deferens connect
Definition
epididymis to prostatic urethra
Term
what is the vas deferents lined with
Definition
pseudostratified columnar epithelium with sterocilia, lamina propria with rich elastic fibers
Term
describe the tube of the vas deferents
Definition
straight, thick muscular wall
Term
describe the lumen of the vas deferens
Definition
mucosa with longitudinal folds, elastic
Term
what are the layers within the muscular layer of the vas deferens
Definition
inner longitudinal, middle citcular, outer longitudinal
Term
what is the purpose of the muscular layer of the vas deferens
Definition
peristaltic contractions that expell spermatozoa
Term
what is the ampulla
Definition
region of the vas deferens that is dilated just before the prostate
Term
describe the epithelium of the ampulla
Definition
thicker, folded
Term
where does the muscular layer of the vas deferens stop
Definition
prostate
Term
where does the mucosal layer of the vas deferens stop
Definition
continues through the prostate as prostatic urethra
Term
what is the final segment of the vas deferens called
Definition
ejaculatory duct
Term
what is the shape of the seminal vesicle
Definition
tortuous
Term
describe the mucosa of the seminal vesicle
Definition
folded
Term
what is the seminal vesicle lined with
Definition
cuboidal or pseudostratified with secretory granules
Term
what are the characteristics of the lamina propria of the seminal vesicle
Definition
rich in elastic fibers, thin layer of smooth muscle surrounding
Term
what does the seminal vesicle make
Definition
viscous, yellow fluid with sperma activating substances
Term
what are sperm activating substances
Definition
carbs (fructose), citrate, inositol, prostaglandins, proteins
Term
what is the epithelium and secretory function of the seminal vessicle dependent on
Definition
testosterone levels
Term
what does the prostate consist of
Definition
30-50 branched tubuloalveolar glands
Term
where do ducts from the prostate empty into
Definition
prostatic urethra
Term
what is the prostate lined with
Definition
cuboidal or columnar pseudostratified epithelium
Term
what surrounds the prostate glands
Definition
rich fibromuscular stroma and fibroelastic capsule with smooth muscle
Term
what does the prostate gland produce and store
Definition
prostatic fluid
Term
what is prostatic fluid a part of
Definition
seminal fluid
Term
what does prostate function depend on
Definition
testosterone
Term
what is another name for bulbuorethral gands
Definition
cowper's glands
Term
where are cowpers glands
Definition
proximal to the membranous portion of the urethra
Term
where do cowpers glands empty
Definition
proximal to the membranous portion of the urethra
Term
what type of glands do the cowpers glands have
Definition
tubuloalveolar
Term
what do the cowpers glands secrete
Definition
mucus
Term
what are cowpers glands lined with
Definition
simple cuboidal
Term
what is in the septa of cowpers glands
Definition
skeletal and smooth muscle
Term
what are the masses of erectile tissue in the penis
Definition
2 corpa cavernosa, 1 corpa spongiosum
Term
what is venous spaces tissue lined by
Definition
endothelium
Term
what is venous spaces seperated by
Definition
trabeculae of connected tissue and smooth muscle fibers
Term
what does erectile tissue have lots of
Definition
venous spaces
Term
what are the trabecular of erectile tissue supplied by for O and nutrients
Definition
nutritive arteries
Term
where do helicine arteries empty
Definition
cavernous spaces of erectile tissue
Term
what is between helican arteries and the deep dorsal vein
Definition
arteriovenous shunts
Term
what is the function of the arteriovenous shunts
Definition
regulate blood flow through the cavernous spaces of erectile tissue
Term
where is the penile urethea
Definition
in the corpus spongosium
Term
what is the penile urethra lined with
Definition
pseudostratified columnar and stratified squamous distally
Term
what glands does the penile urethra have
Definition
glands of littre
Term
what do the glands of littre secrete
Definition
mucus
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