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Cell Biology
BIO 315
33
Biology
Undergraduate 3
09/18/2016

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Term
STORM
Definition
Super resolution technique that utilizes photoswitchable fluorescent proteins and allows investigators to localize single fluorescent molecule with resolution of less than 20nm.
Term
Bright Field microscopy
Definition
Illimuniates the speciman with a bright background, suited for specimens of high contrast such as stained sections of tissue.
Term
Phase-Contrast Microscopy
Definition
Increases visibility by converting differences in the refractive index of some parts of the specimen into differeces in light intensity.
Term
Transmission electron microscopy (TEMS)
Definition
Uses electrons instead of light to form images and you get an increased amount of information at the subcellular level.
Term
Laser Scanning confocal microscopy
Definition
Produces an image of a thin plane located within a much thicker specimen - a laser beam is used to examine planes at different depths in a specimen
Term
Shadow Casting
Definition
Coats a specimen with metal to produce a 3D effect - means to provide contrast in the electron microscope
Term
Light microscopy
Definition
uses the refraction of light rays to magnify an object
Term
Phase-contrast microscopy
Definition
increases visibility by converting differences in the refractive index of some parts of the specimen into differences in light intensity
Term
Fluorescence microscopy
Definition
Uses fluorochromes, compounds that release visibile light upon absorption of UV rays - stains cells and cause components to glow
Term
Yeast Two-Hybrid (Y2H) or co-immunoprecipitation
Definition
tests for protein-protein interactions depending on a cell being able to put together two parts of a transcription factor. Must be a "bait" protein, an activation domain, and a DNA binding domain.
Term
Co-precipitation
Definition
the carrying down by a precipitate of substances normally soluble under the conditions employed
Term
Gel Electrophoresis
Definition
tool is useful for fractionation of nucleic acids after velocity sedimentation - based on the migration of proteins in an electric field through a gel matrix. Carried out in the presence of a charged detergent called sodium dodecyl sulfate(SDS)
Term
Gel Filtration
Definition
Separates proteins by molecular weight, among proteins of similar shape, the larger molecules are eluted before smaller moleucles
Term
Affinity Chromatography
Definition
Isolates one protein from a mixtures using a specific ligand; proteins interact with specific substances - enzymes with substrates
Term
Ion Exchange chromatography
Definition
process that separates ions and polar molecules based on their affinity to the ionexchanger
Term
cDNA
Definition
library that is created from mature mRNA froma  eukaryotic cell with the use of reverse transcriptase
Term
Southern Blot
Definition
Based upon DNA hybridization, transfer of electrophoresis-separated DNA fragments to a filter membrane and subsequent fragment detection by probe hybridization.
Term
Northern Blot
Definition
Based upon RNA-DNA hybridization, technique that observese gene expression by detecting RNA
Term
Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR)
Definition
a technique to amplify specific DNA fragments, uses a very small amount of template, and can be used to quantify DNA or RNA template
Term
Autoradiography
Definition
combine radiolabeling and specimen viewing
Term
primary culture
Definition
when cells are obtained directly from the organism
Term

Turnover Number

 

Definition
 The number of substrate molecules converted to product per minute per enzyme molecule at Vmax 
Term
Michealis Constant
Definition
A substrate concentration at half of the Vmax at saturation for an enxymatic reaction
Term
velocity sedimentation
Definition
molecules move in response to centrifugal force based on size - expressed in S units (Svedberg)
Term
equilibrium centrifugation
Definition
separates nucleic acids based on their buoyant density
Term
Transduction
Definition
Viruses infect cells as part of their life cycle
Term
transfection
Definition
DNA can be added to cells artificially
Term
transgene
Definition
the gene whose role is being investigated after adding - can be added to cells in culture but also applied to whole organism
Term
microinjection
Definition
a direct way to introduce foreign genes into a cell - injection of DNA directly into cell nucleus
Term
knockout
Definition
where a gene is eliminated from the genome - knockout mouse used as models of human disease
Term
role of antibodies in Immunofluorescence
Definition
use a fluorescently labeled antibody that recognizes the specific protein to stain a fixed specimen of the cell that is viewed by fluorescence microscopy
Term
ionic bond
Definition
attraction between two differently charged atoms, weak in a cell
Term

Hydrogen bond

 

Definition
noncovalent, has a partial positive charge when covalently bonded to an EN atom, weak attractive interactions and found between the two strands of DNA
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