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| principal protein of the mircrofilaments found in the cytoskeleton of nonmuscule cells and in the thin filaments of skeletal muscle synthesized as a globular monomer(G-actin), that polyerizes into long, linear filaments (F-actin) |
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| adenosine with three phosphates linked to each other by phosphoanhydride bonds and to the 5' carbon of the ribose by a phosphodiester bonnd: principal energy storage compound of most cells, with energy stored in the high-energy phosphoanhydride bonds |
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| enzyme that catalyzes the formation of the cyclin AMP from ATP, located on the innder surface of the plasma membrane of many eukaryotic cells and activated by specific ligand-receptor interactions on the outer surface of the membrane. |
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| cell suicide mediated by a group of protein-degrading enzymes called caspases; involves a programmed series of evens that leads to the dismantling of the internal contents of the cell |
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| phosphorylation of a receptor molecule by a receptor molecule of the same type |
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| motor protein in the axonemes of cilia and flagella that generates axonemal motility by moving along the surface of microtubles driven by energry derived from ATP hydrolysis |
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| protein located in the outer mitochondrial membrane that blocks cell death by apoptosis |
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| calcium-binding protein involved in mediating many of the intracellular effects of calcium ions in eukaryotic cells |
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| any of a family of ptreases tha degrade other cellular proteins as a part of the process of apoptosis |
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| adenosine monophosphate with the phosphate group linked to both the 3' and 5' carbons by phosphodiester bonds; functions i both prokaryotic and eukaryotic gene regulation; in eukaryotes acts as a second messenger that mediates the effects of various signaling molecules by activating protein kinase A |
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| heme-containing protein of the electron transport system that also plays a role in triggering apoptosis when released from mitochondria |
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| stacks of flattened,disk-shaped membrane cisternae in eukaryotic cells that are important in the processing and packaging of secretory proteins and in teh synthesis of complex polysaccharides |
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| group of interconnected microtubules that form the backbone of a eukaryotic cilium or flagellum, usually arranged as 9 outer doublet microtubles surrounding a pair of central microtubules |
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| membrane-bounded appendage on the surface of the eukaryotic cell composed of a specific arrangement of microtubules and responsible for motility of the cell or the fuluids around cells; shorter and more numerous than closely related organelles called flagella |
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| structure consising of 9 sets of triplet microtubules embedded within the centrosome of animal cells, where two centrioles lie at right angels to each other; identical in structure to the basal body of eukaryotic cillia and flagella |
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| small zone of granular material surrounding two centrioles located adjacent to the ucleus of animal cells; functions as a cell's main microtubule-organizing center |
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| membrane-bounded appendage on the surface of eukaryotic cells, composed of a sepcific arrangement of microtubules and responsible for motility of the cell or the fluidsaround cells, shorter and more numberous than closely related organcelles called flagella |
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| movement of the cytoplasm driven by interactions between actin filaments and specific types of myosin; also called cyclosis in plant cells |
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| motor protein that moves along the surface of microtubules in the plus-to-minus direction driven by energy derived from ATP hydrolysis, present both in the cytoplasm and in the arms that reach between adjacent microtubule doublets in the axoneme of a flagellum or cilium |
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| thin, pointed cytoplasmic protrustion that transiently emerges from teh surface of eukaryotic cells during cell movement |
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| membrane-bounded appendage on the surface of a eukaryotic cell composed of a specific arrangement of microtubules and responsible for motility of the cell longer and less numerous(usually limited to one or a few per cell) than closely related orangelles cilia |
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| a 6 carbon sugar that is widely used as the starting molecule in cellular energy metabolism |
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| any of several plasma membrane receptors that bind to extracellular matrix components at the outer membrane suface and interact with cytoskeletal components at the iner membrane suface; includes receptors for fibronectin, laminin, and collagen |
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| group of protein filaments that are the most stable components of the cytoskeleton of eukaryotic cells; exhibit a diameter of 8-12nm whichis intermediate btwn microfilaments and microtubules |
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| the concentration of free ligand needed to produce a state in which half the receptors are bound to ligand |
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| family of motor poroteins that generate movement along microtubules using energy derived from ATP hydrolysis |
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| thin sheet of flattened cytoplasm that tranisently protrudes from the surface of eukaryotic cells during cell crawling, supported by actin filaments |
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| adhesive glycoprotein of the extracellular matrix, localized predominately in the basal lamina of epithelial cells |
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| substance that binds to a specific receptor, thereby initiating the particular event or series of events for which that receptor is responsible |
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| a family of protein kinasess that are activated when cells receive a signal to grow and divide |
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| (motor protein)protein that uses energy derived from ATP to change shape in a way that exerts forces and causes attached structures to move; includes 3 fmailies of proteins : myosin. dynein, kinesin that interact with cytoskeletal elements to produce movements |
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| microtubule-organzing center |
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| structure that initiates the assembly of microtubules, the primary example being the centrosome |
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| fingerlike projection from the cell surface that increase membrane surface area; important in cells that have an absorption fucntion, such as those that line the intestine |
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| family of motor proteins that create movements by exerting force on actin microfilaments using energy derivedfrom ATP hydrolysis ; makes up the thick filaments that move the actin thin filaments during muscle contraction |
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| act of providing a small aggregate of molecules from which a polymer can grow |
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| enzyme that catalyzes the hydrolysis of physphatidylinositol-4,5-bisphosphate into inositol-1,4,5-triphosphate (IP3) and diacylglycerol (DAG) |
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| property of a molecule that results from part of the molecule having a partial positive charge and another part having a partial negative charge; usually bc one region of the molecule possesses one or more electronegative atoms that draws electrons toward that region |
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| inactive precursor form of a caspase |
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| a protein kinase activated by the second messenger cyclic AMP; that catalyzes the phosphorylation of serine or threonine residues in target proteins |
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| enzymes that phosphorylates serine and threonine groups in variety of target proteins when activated by diacylglycerol |
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| large, blunt ended cytoplasmic protrusion involved in cell crawling by amoebas, slime molds, and leukocytes |
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| protein, small monomeric G protein bound to the inner surface of the plasma membrane; ras is a key intermidiate in transmitting signals from receptor tyrosine kinases to the cell interior |
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| (of F-actin) bulk movement of actin microfilaments toward teh rear of a cell protrusion as the protrusion extends |
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| serine/threonine kinase receptor |
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| a receptor that upon activation catalyzes the phosphorylation of serine and threonine residues in target protein molecules |
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| smooth endoplasmic reticulum |
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| endoplasmic reticulum that has no attached ribosomes and plays no direct role in protein synthesis, involved in packaging secretory proteins and synthesis of lipids |
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| protein required fot eh binding of RNa polymerase to a promoter and for the optimal initiation of transcription |
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| family of related proteins that form the main building block of microtubules |
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