1650-1675

1833

  Watson and Crick figure out DNA

Hermann Muller-

 was a lawyer that enjoyed looking at plants under the microscopes.

1865

·         1950s-Electron microscope

                                                                                                           *1970s-Fluorescence Microscope

  Chromosomal theory of inheritance:

              *1880s-1925

 Mullis 

 All cells r bounded by THIS plasma membrane

                    lysosome  

peroxisome

 Eukaryotic cells contain a network of cytoskeletal filaments coursing thru their?

Avogadro’s number

Carbon is the smallest ?

 Base

Organic molecules

sugars (polysac)…

fatty acid (fats/lipids/membranes)…

amino acid(protein)…

nucleotides(nucleic acids

 Lipid bilayer

All amino acids have what types of functional gps?

Covalent bond between 2 adjacent amino acids is calld?

2 glucose molecules joined create a ?

disaccharide

(by dehydration synthesis)

·         Hydration of the sugar is required to produce the ?

·         Pyrimidines

·         Purine

·         Metabolism consists of ____(buildup) and ____ (breakdown of substances)

·         Pathway

·         Metabolic

·      ------a (nucleotide) is 1 of the monomers used in the synthesis of rna and after conversion to deoxyATP (daTP), DNA

·         ___ regulates biochemical pathways

·         Fatty acid synthesis occurs in?

·         Glycolysis occurs?

·         Pentose phosphate pathway occurs

·         Gluconeogenesisk occurs

·         Beta-oxidation occurs

·         E- transport/oxidative phosphorylation occurs

·         Tricarboxylic acid cycle occurs

·         Chain shortening of fatty acids occurs

·         Dna and rna synthesis occurs

·         1^st law of thermodynamics

·         2^nd law of thermodynamics

·         Electromagnetic energy is converted to chem bond energy via ___?

·         Cellular respiration

·         Oxidation and reduction

·         Reduction

·         THE LONG DNA POLYMER CHAINS R MADE FORM THE SAME SET OF 4 MONOMERS CALLED?

·         N EVERY CELL, THE DNA R READ OUT (TRANSCRIBED) N2 CHEMICALLY RELATED SET OF POLYMERS CALLED?

·         THE MAJOR CLASS OF RNA SERVE AS

·         MESSAGES R CARRIED BY THE MOLECULES OF mRNA AND R TRANSLATED N2 ANOTHER POLYMER CALLD A

·         ______ MOLECULES DOMINATE THE BEHAVIOR OF THE CELL

·         ____ R BUILT FROM AMINO ACIDS

·         DNA TO RNA=

·         RNA TO PROTEIN=

·         TRANSCRIPTION AND TRANSLATION=

·         ___ CHANGE THE DNA

·         ___ PROVIDE THE INSTRUCTIONS FOR CELLULAR FORM, FUNCTION, COMPLEX BEHAVIOR

·         ___-LIBRARY OF GENETIC INFO IN ITS DNA (TELLS HOW TO GROW AND HOW TO FUNCTION)

·         ___ MICROSCOPE USE VISIBLE LIGHT TO ILLUMINATE SPECIMENS

·         ___HAVE THE SIMPLEST STRUCTURE

R THE MOST DIVERSE OF CELLS

·         WHAT GENERATES ENERGY 4 THE EUKARYOTIC CELL

·         ___ CAN COME N A SPHERICAL, ROD-SHAPED, AND SPIRAL CELLS

·         ORGANELLES THAT PERFORM PHOTOSYNTHESIS R CALLD

·         CHLOROPLASTS R FOUND N THE PLANT CELL’S

·         2 DOMAINS OF PROCARYOTES:

·         AMOEBAE AND YEAST R EXAMPLES OF A ___ CELL

·         MITOCHONDRION CONSUMES OXYGEN AND RELEASES CARBON DIOXIDE=

·         ___ CAPTURE ENERGY FROM THE SUNLIGHT

·   R ONLY FOUND N PLANTS AND ALGAE

·         MANY CELLULAR COMPONENTS R PRODUCED N THE

·         GOLGI APPARATUS RECEIVES AND MODIFIES THE MOLECULES N THE

·         ___ MAKE THE PROTEIN MOLECULES

·        IS RESPONSIBLE FOR DIRECTED CELL MOVEMENTS

·         ___ FILAMENTS R THE THINNEST OF THE FILAMENTS

·         THICKEST FILAMENTS R THE

·         ___ FILAMENTS STRENGHTEN THE CELL MECHANICALLY

·         ___ HELP DISTRIBUTE THE CHROMOSOMES N A DIVIDING CELL

·         Polymeric molecules

·         Ionic bonds r a type of ___ attraction

·         Electrostatic attraction

·         Covalent bond length =

·         Noncovalent bond length/ionic =

·         H bond=

·         van deer Waals=

·         molecules containing COOH gp are weak ___

·         base-accepts

·         ___ raises the concentration of H3O ions by donating proton

·         ___ raises the concentration of OH ions by removing proton from water

·         weak ___contain an NH2 gp

·         organic molecules

·         macromolecules-

·         4 major families of small organic molecules-

·         Water % of total cell weight=

·         Inorganic ions % of total cell weight=

·         Sugars and precursors % of total cell weigh =

·         Amino acids and precursors % of total cell weight=

·         Nucleotides and precursors % of total cell weight =

·         Fatty acids and precursors % of total cell weight =

·         Other small molecules % of total cell weight =

·         Macromolecules % of total cell weight =

·         Number of water=

·         # of inorganic ions=

·         # of sugars and precursors=

·         # of amino acids and precursor=

·         # of nucleotides and precursors=

·         # of fatty acids and precursors=

·         # of other small molecules=

·         # of macromolecules=

·         Macromolecules

·         4 building blocks of the cells-

·         4 larger units of the cell

·         ___ r energy source for cells and subunits of polysac.

·         Monosaccharide formula=

·         Sugars made from monosac. R called

·         ___ can b converted into mannose or galactose by switching the orientations of specific OH gps

·         Isomers-

·         Monosac r linked by covalent bonds called

·         Condensation reactions-

·         Hydrolysis-

·         Polysac glycogen-

·         Polsas. Starch-

·         Cellulose-

·         Glycoproteins and glycolipids r found n the

·         ___ ___ r components of cell membranes

·         Palmitic acid =

·        ___ ___  serve as a concentrated food reserve n cells

·         __ __ r stored n the cytoplasm of many cells n the form of droplets of triaclglycerol molecules

·         Triacylglycerols r ex of a

·         Insoluble n h2o and soluble n fat and organic solvents =

·         Amino acids r the subunits of

·         Same C =

·         ___ is one of the simplest amino acids

·         Proteins r held together by

·         ___ r the subunits of DNA and RNA

·         Nucleoside-

·         Nucleotide-

·         ___ serve as building blocks for the construction of nucleic acids

·         Nucleic acids-

·         DNA-

·         RNA-

·         5’ end- will have a free ___ gp

·         3’ end- a free__ GP

·         Van der Waals attractions-

·         Hydrophic interaction-

·         ____  bonds allow a macromolecule to bind other selected molecules

·         -OH 

·         C=O

·         -COOH

·        ___ are formed by combing an acid and alcohol

·         N h20 ___ r + charged

·         __ r uncharged n h20

·         Maltose=

·         Lactose=

·         Sucrose=

·         Short chain made from simple repeating unit

·         Ex of steroids-

·         Polyisoprenoids-

·         Dolichol phosphate-

·         Metabolism-

·         Biological order is made possible by the release of ___ energy from cells

·         Photosynthetic organisms use ___ to synthesize organic molecules

·         Light energy + CO2 + H20---à GLUCOSE +O2+ HEAT ENERGY =

·         Oxidation-

·         Earth’s atmosphere is __% O

·         Hydrogenation=

·         Energetically favorable reactions-

·         The concentration of --- influences the free-energy change and a reaction’s direction

k= x/y

·         Vmax and Km measure

·         NADH and NADPH r important

·         ___ participates n the final stage n 1 of the biosynthetic routes leading to cholesterol

·         Gp carried n high-energy linkage in ATP=

·         Gp carried n high-energy linkage n NADH,NADPH,FADH2=

·         Gp carried n high-energy linkage n Acetyl CoA =

·         Gp carried n high-energy linkage n carboxylated biotin=

·         Gp carried n high-energy linkage n S-adenosylmethionine=

·         Gp carried n high-energy linkage n uridine diphosphate glucose= glucose

·          5 main domains of the heavy chain

 * 3 extracelluar domain

*a transmembrane domain

*cytoplasmic domain

·         N terminal=

·         Integral membrane protein-

·         Peripheral mem. Proteins-

·         Y r proteins important?

*structure- most of the cell’s dry mass/ mem proteins contribute to shape and structure/ ribosome/ lysosome

 *function- *channels and pumps/ antibodies/ ATP Synthase structure / toxins/ hormones

·         Conformation-

primary, secondary,tertiary,quaternary                                                                             

·         Ramachandran plots-

·         Forces stabilizing tert. Structures:

* H bonding

                                                         * hydrophobic interactions

                                                         *ion pairs-electrostatic interactions

                                                         * disulfide bonds

·         When sequence and 3D structure r similar, we gp proteins n a ___?

·         Weak noncov bonds allow mult. Units to interact w/ each other…this allows diff subunits to b involved n the construction of a ___?

·         Proteins n the ECM:

*collagen

                                 *non polar glycine at every 3^rd position

                                 *allows winding

·         N contact w/collagen:

·         Antibodies attach to

·         ___ bind to molecules to catalyze reactions

·         Levels of specificity-

·         Antibodies r calld

                   antibody target is called an 

                   *each antibody consists of 4 polypeptides-

·          5 major classes of antibodies

·         Proteins-

·         The shape of a protein is specified by its

·         Func of motor protein-)

·         Func of receptor protein-)

·         Func of storage protein-

·         Func of gene regulatory protein-

·         Func of special purpose protein-

·         Conformation-

·         Coiled-coil-

·        ___ form rigid structures at the core of many proteins

·         Secondary struct-

·         Tertiary struct-

·         Quaternary struct-

·         Any region on a protein’s surface that interacts w/ another molecule thru sets of noncovalent bonds-

·         Actin filament is composed of identical protein __

·         ___ bonds help stabilize a favored protein conformation

·         ___ illustrates how an enzyme works

·         Hydrolase-

·         Nuclease-

·         Protease-

·         Synthase-

·         Isomerase-

·         Polymerase-

·         Oxido-reductase-

·         ATPase-

·         Carboxypeptidase-

·         Feedback inhibition is a ___ regulation

·         ___ can control protein activity by triggering a conformational change

·         __ binding proteins r regulated by the cyclic gain and loss of a phosphate gp

·        allows motor proteins to produce large movements n cells

·         Affinity chromatography is used to

·         Proteins can b separated by

·         Hoppe-Seyler-

·         Fischer-

·         Buchner and Buchner-

·         Sumner-

·         Tiselius-

·         Bernal and Crowfoot-

·         Martin and Synge-

·         Pauling and Corey-

·         Sanger-

·         Ingram-protein-

·         Kendrew-

·         Onod, Jacob, and Changeux-

·         3 kinds of chromatography-

·         Gel filtration chromatography-

·       ___  bonds between neighboring regions of the polypeptide backbone give rise to A helices and B sheets

·         Smaller globular regions of compact 3D structure-

·         When a protein catalyzes the formations or breakage of cov bonds n a ligand, the protein is calld an___ and the ligand is calld ___

ENZYME

SUBSTRATE

·         Allosteric-

·         Feedback inhibition-

·         The hydrolysis of ATP to ADP by ___ ___produces directed movements n the cells

·         3’ dna strand=

·         Each purine-pyrimidine  pair is calld a

·         Complex of DNA and protein-

·         Maternal and paternal chromosomes of a pair-

·         Karyotype-

·         Gene-

·         -chromosomes r duplicated

·         -chromosomes r distributed to the 2 daughter nuclei

·         Nuclear lamina-

·         Nucleolus-

·         Chromatin-remodeling complexes-

·         Most abundant chromosomal proteins r the

·         Histones-

·         Centromere-

·         Euchromatin-

·         Heterochromatin

·         Histone-

·         Nucleolus-

·         gregor mendel-

·       - 1928; army medical officer; tryn to find a vaccine against Streptococcus pneumonia”:virulent strain w/ smooth polysaccharide coat, non-virulent strain w/ a rough coat; never found the vaccine

·        - 1944; Canadian; found the agent responsible for genetic transferring is the nucleic acid DNA and not protein; worked w/ McCarty and MacLeod

·         - biochemist who first figured out the equation for the diff bases; “I saw b4 me n dark contours the beginning of a grammar of bio”; “avery gave us the 1^st text of a new language, or rather, he showed us where to look 4 it. I resolved 2 search 4 this text”

·        -xray differentiation images of the DNA fibers; the pic of interest identified the location of phosphate sugars n DNA; Manhattan Project; John Randall’s lab at King’s College, Cambridge; franklin died n London from ovarian cancer at 37

·         - Watson-usa,Crick-Britain; discovered the helical structure of DNA; had most of the info, but needed the last piece of the puzzle to put it all together