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Cell biology for test 1
ASU cell bio review cards
76
Biology
Undergraduate 3
09/14/2010

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Term
Who developed Cell theory?
Definition
Schleiden & Schwann
Term
Who applied the geodesic dome to the cell?
Definition
Buckminster Fuller & Donald Ingber
Term
Who coined the term "cell?"
Definition
Robert Hooke
Term
Improved the light microscope, first to observe and describe single-celled organisms
Definition
Antoin van Leeuwenhoek
Term
Who got the nobel prize for the nature of chemical bonds?
Definition
Linus Pauling
Term
Who got the nobel prize for discovering the structure of DNA?
Definition
Watson, Crick, & Wilkins
Term
Who invented the electron microscope?
Definition
Knoll & Ruska
Term
Who took Photograph 51
Definition
Rosalind Franklin
Term
Who discovered that the number of A base pairs = the number of T base pairs? (C=G)
Definition
Chargaff
Term
what type of reaction requires the input of energy to proceed?
Definition
anabolic
Term
what type of reaction results in the net release of energy?
Definition
catabolic
Term
Endothermic reactions (create/reduce) disorder
Definition
reduce
Term
An activated carrier is needed for _____ reactions.
Definition
anabolic, energy-needing
Term
example of an activated carrier
Definition
ATP, NADPH
Term
Condensation reaction examples.
Definition
glucose linkage to glycogen (, nucleotides to DNA (phos. diester), amino acids to protein (peptide), fatty acids to triglycerol (ester)
Term
What type of bonds are present in primary proteins?
Definition
covalent peptide
Term
What type of bonds are present in secondary proteins?
Definition
H-bonds
Term
What type of bonds are present in tertiary proteins?
Definition
van der waals, ionic, hydrophobic, disulfide
Term
What type of bonds are present in quarternary proteins?
Definition
same as tertiary. Van der Waals, Ionic, hydrophobic, disulfide
Term
what are the two methods of fluorescent tagging used for the fluorescent microscope?
Definition
GFP fusion , antibody dectection via attached fluoropheres
Term
what are the two methods of fixation for an electron microscope?
Definition
freezing, embedding in resin
Term
Can the antibody method be used with an electron microscope?
Definition
Yes, once the microtome has cut slices, they can be stained with antibodies, however a heavy metal tag is used.
Term
proteins fold into ....
Definition
a stable conformation
Term
conformation of a protein is determined by its ....
Definition
amino acid sequence
Term
on heating, a protein may become denatured due to the breakage of ....
Definition
noncovalent bonds
Term
the same twenty __________________ are used to make all proteins.
Definition
amino acids
Term
One-dimensional SDS polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (PAGE) separates polypeptides based on their ......
Definition
size
Term
a human cell might be measured in
Definition
micrometers
Term
This organelle chemically modifies, sorts, and packages proteins it receives from the rough ER.
Definition
Golgi apparatus
Term
microvillus are...
Definition
microscopic cellular membrane protrusions that increase the surface area of cells, and are involved in absorption, secretion, cellular adhesion, and mechanotransduction
Term
for better resolution in a microscope, use a _____ wavelength of light
Definition
shorter
Term
lipids' hydrocarbon tails are ______
Definition
hydrophobic
Term
condensation reactions _____ water molecules
Definition
release
Term
In both the transcription of RNA and DNA, the _________ backbone is linked by __________________
Definition
the sugar-phosphate backbone is linked by phosphodiester covalent bonds.
Term
information is copied from the DNA into the nucleotide sequence of RNA in a process called __________________.
Definition
transcription
Term
Ribosomal RNA is synthesized in the
Definition
nucleolus.
Term
Responsible for the translation of mRNA and synthesis of proteins.
Definition
ribosomes
Term
what direction does DNA polymerase go?
Definition
5 to 3
Term
how does the lagging strand get made?
Definition
okazaki fragments, then corrections
Term
how does DNA polymerase proofread?
Definition
3 to 5 nucleotide cleavage by nuclease
Term
what kind of primer does DNA polymerase use?
Definition
short lengths of RNA (about 10 nucleotides) synthesized by primase
Term
how many primers are needed?
Definition
leading strand - 1, lagging - many
Term
What energy does DNA helicase use?
Definition
ATP hydrolysis
Term
what enzyme separates the DNA?
Definition
dna helicase
Term
single strand binding protein
Definition
binds to DNA exposed by helicase so that it does not reform base pairs.
Term
sliding clamp
Definition
keeps polymerase attached to the template
Term
telomeres are for...
Definition
on the ends of chromosomes, to replicate them in eukaryotes.
Term
what sort of group is 3' ?
Definition
hydroxyl
Term
telomeres work by...
Definition
elongating the repetitive end of the chromosome.
Term
what corrects the mistakes that DNAP misses?
Definition
DNA mismatch repair system
Term
non-homologus end-joining repairs
Definition
double-strand breaks by chopping the ends. Rapid but imperfect.
Term
homologus recombination
Definition
uses the info from other DNA to repair it, can't take place at all times.
Term
homologus recombination
Definition
uses the info from other DNA to repair it, can't take place at all times.
Term
mobile genetic elements
Definition
short sequences of DNA which can move from one position to another in the chromosome.
Term
McClintock
Definition
studied phenotype in corn and discoverd MGE (mobile genetics)
Term
retrotransposons
Definition
move via RNA intermediate
Term
isolated nuclei from pus
Definition
Miescher
Term
identified the base, sugar, and phosphate nucleotide unit
Definition
Levene
Term
proved that smooth (virulent) vs rough can be changed by injecting DNA
Definition
Griffith
Term
_____ _____ _____centifuged the S strain & took components out one by one, found DNA to be what changed it
Definition
- Avery - Lacleod- McCarty
Term
found that phages inject DNA, not protein, when they infect a cell
Definition
- Hershey & Chase :
Term
- came up with a (wrong) helical structure of DNA
Definition
Pauling & Corey
Term
-discovered double helix, anti parallel
Definition
- watson & crick
Term
contributed x-rays of DNA
Definition
- franklin
Term
DNA has 3 components ___ ____ ____
Definition
phosphate group, sugar, nitrogen base
Term
Purines Vs Pyrimidines
Definition
A&G = the big ones
C&T = small ones
Term
phosphodiester bonds are ?
Definition
3 hydroxyl bonds to a posphate 5
Term
what is a peptide bond?
Definition
protein: amino to carboxyl
Term
A nucleotides bond to
Definition
T
Term
G nucleotides bond to
Definition
C
Term
the smooth DNA we see is ________
Definition
B style, Z and A also exist.
Term
________ can separate DNA *denature
Definition
high temp or pH
Term
a chromosome consists of....
Definition
1 molecule of DNA and it's associated proteins (histomes)
Term
Humans have ___ pairs of chromosomes
Definition
23
Term
a gene is a section of DNA which _______
Definition
contains the instructions for creating a protein.
Term
interphase _________ and mitosis _________
Definition
(chromos duplicate) . (cell divides)
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