Shared Flashcard Set

Details

Cell Bio Integumentary
KYCOM Block 3
164
Biology
Graduate
10/14/2012

Additional Biology Flashcards

 


 

Cards

Term
what does the integumentary system consist of
Definition
skin, hair, nails, and glands
Term
what percent of a person's body weight is skin
Definition
7%
Term
what is the largest organ in the body
Definition
skin
Term
what are the two main layers of skin
Definition
epidermis, demis
Term
what type of cells is the epidermis made of
Definition
stratified squamous epithelium
Term
what is the epidermis derived from
Definition
ectoderm
Term
what type of tissue is the dermis
Definition
dense connective
Term
what is the dermis derived from
Definition
mesoderm
Term
where is the hypodermis located
Definition
beneath the dermis
Term
is the hypodermis part of the skin
Definition
no
Term
what type of tissue is the hypodermis
Definition
adipose (divided by septs), much like superificial or subcutanous fascia
Term
what are the epidermis derivatives
Definition
hair, sudoriferous glands, sebacious glands, ceruminous glands, mammary glands, nails
Term
what are sudoriferous glands
Definition
sweat glands
Term
hat are sebacious glands
Definition
oil glands associated with hair follicles
Term
what do sebaceous glands secrete
Definition
sebuc
Term
what do ceruminous glands secrete
Definition
cerumen (ear wax)
Term
where are ceruminous glands located
Definition
external auditory meatus
Term
what a mammary glands modified from
Definition
sweat glands
Term
what are the major functions of the skin
Definition
barrier, provides immunologic info to effector cells in lymphatic tissue, homeostasis, sensory, endocrine, excretion
Term
in what ways does the skin act as a barrier
Definition
mechanical, permeability, UV barrier
Term
what is the skin's role in homeostasis
Definition
regulate body temperature and fluid loss
Term
what is the sensory role of the skin
Definition
convay information about the surrounding enivornment
Term
what are the endocrine functions of the skin
Definition
convert precursor molecules into hormonally active molecules, ex: vitamin D
Term
what is the epidermis made of
Definition
keritanized stratified squamous epithelium
Term
how many layers are usually seen in epithelium
Definition
4, unless it is thick skin then there is 5
Term
what are the layers of epithelium, begin with the deepest
Definition
stratum basale, stratum spinosum, stratum granulosum, stratum lucidum, stratum corneum
Term
where is thick skin found
Definition
palms and soles
Term
what is the easiest way to tell if something is thick skin
Definition
it is hairless
Term
is thin skin hairless?
Definition
it has hair in all but a few places
Term
what is the stratum basale between
Definition
basal lamina and startum spinosum
Term
what is another name for the stratum basale, why
Definition
stratum germinativum, because mitosis occurs here due to the proximity to the vascular dermis. O2 and nutrients drift up from the demis
Term
what is the shape of the cells in the stratum basale
Definition
low cuboidal to low columnar, single layer
Term
what is unique about the nuclei in the cells of the stratum basale
Definition
closley spaced, basophilic
Term
in addition to basal cells, what other cells does the stratum basale have, what is their function
Definition
stem cells that give rise to keratinocytes, melanin
Term
what connects basal cells to basal cells and to keratinocytes
Definition
desmosomes
Term
what connects basal cells to the basal lamina
Definition
hemidesmosomes
Term
where are keratinocytes formed, where do they go right after being formed
Definition
they are formed in the stratum basale and move to the stratum spinosum
Term
how many layers is the stratum spinosum
Definition
several layers of large cells
Term
spinosum cells has processes or spines. why are these spines formed, what role do they have
Definition
they are formed because of the preservation process and the processes of adjacent cells are attached by them using desmosomes
Term
what do desmosomes look like under light microscopy, what is this called
Definition
thickenings called nodes of bizzozero
Term
once keratinocytes reach the stratum spinosum, what happens to them
Definition
they rise in the layer, increase in size, become flat / squamous
Term
what is the most superificial layer of the non-keritanized portion of the epidermis
Definition
stratum granulosum
Term
how many cell layers thick is the stratum granulosum
Definition
1-3
Term
where are keratohyalin granules located
Definition
stratum granulosum
Term
what do keratohyalin granules contain
Definition
basophilic: cysteine and histidine rich proteins
Term
what is the function of the proteins in the keratohyalin granules
Definition
precursors of filagrin that aggregates the keratin filaments present in the cornified cells of the stratum corneum
Term
what is a subdivision of the stratum corneum
Definition
stratum lucidum
Term
what do the cells of the stratum lucidum look like, what is in them
Definition
the layer appears clear, no organells visible, cells gradually fill with keratin
Term
what is inside the cells of the stratum corneum
Definition
almost entirely killed with keratin filaments, no organells seen
Term
what is the function of the stratum corneum
Definition
helps form the water barrier, becomes thicker at sites of high friction, cells slough off
Term
what layer of the skin contributes of callous formation
Definition
stratum corneum
Term
what is the papillary layer made of
Definition
loose connective tissue, type 1 and 3 collagen network, irregular elastic fiber network, blood vessels
Term
what are dermal papillae
Definition
ridges that protrude from the papillary layer of the dermis into the epidermis
Term
how are dermal papillae arranged
Definition
parallel in a distinct genetically determined pattern
Term
what is dermatoglyphics, what makes it possible
Definition
fingerprint and footprint pattern science, made possible by dermal papillae
Term
what are the layers of the dermis
Definition
papillary, reticular
Term
what do the vessels in the papillary layer supply
Definition
epidermis and specific nerve endings
Term
which dermis layer is deeper
Definition
reticular
Term
which dermis layer is thicker
Definition
reticular
Term
what is the reitcular layer of the dermis made of
Definition
type 1 collagen, coarse elastic fibers
Term
what are langer's lines
Definition
orientation of collagen and elastic fibers in the reticular layer of the dermis
Term
what forms langer's lines
Definition
regular tension in the skin
Term
what is the role of langer's lines in scaring
Definition
if incision is made parallel, it will heal with less scaring
Term
what forms linea albicans
Definition
excessive stretching in the reticular layer of the dermis resulting in tears
Term
what is another name for linea albicans
Definition
stretch marks
Term
what is the hypodermis just deep to
Definition
reticular layer of the dermis
Term
what is the hypodermis made of
Definition
panniculuc adiposus (adpiose tissue
)
Term
what is the function of the hypodermis
Definition
energy storage, insulation
Term
what is another name for the hypodermis
Definition
subcutanous fascia
Term
in what layer are erector pili located
Definition
hypodermis
Term
what moves erector pili, what do the erector pili move
Definition
smooth muscle moves erector pili, the pili then move a hair folicle
Term
what is the smooth muscle in the hypodermis of the scrotum
Definition
dartos muscle
Term
what is the function of the dartos muscle
Definition
regulate heat loss
Term
what is the panniculus carnosus made of
Definition
subcutanous striated muscle
Term
what is the panniculus carnosus deep to
Definition
deep to the subcutanous fascia (hypodermis)
Term
where is the lots of panniculus carnosus
Definition
neck, face, scalp
Term
what is the platysma muscle in the neck formed by
Definition
penniculus carnosus
Term
what are the muscles of facial expression formed by
Definition
panniculus carnosus
Term
what are the cells of the epidermis
Definition
karatinocytes, malanocytes, langerhans, merkel's cells
Term
what do keratanocytes make
Definition
keratin, keratohyalin granules, lamellar bodies
Term
where do keratanocytes make keratohyalin
Definition
stratum granulosum
Term
where do keratanocytes make lamellar bodies
Definition
stratum spinosum
Term
what do keratohyalin granules have in them
Definition
flaggrin and trichohyalin
Term
what is the function of keratohyaliin granules
Definition
form keratin filaments into tonofilaments
Term
what is the function of tonofilaments
Definition
structural cytoplasmic proteins
Term
what do lamellar bodies contain
Definition
glycsophingolipids, phospholipids, ceramides
Term
how do lamellar bodies release their contants, where are they located
Definition
they are membrane bound and release their contents via exocytosis into intercellular spaces of the stratum corneum
Term
what are melanocytes derived from
Definition
neural crest cells
Term
what is a epidermal-malanin unit
Definition
melanocytes maintain association with a given number of keratinocytes
Term
what ability makes melanocytes similar to keratinocytes? what is the difference between them in this aspect
Definition
they can both replicate through out their life but melanocytes do it a lot slower
Term
what process helps maintain the epidermal-melanin unit
Definition
melanocytes replicating slower that keratinocytes
Term
what is another name for melanocytes
Definition
dendritic cells
Term
what are melanocytes called dendritic cells
Definition
because of their round cell bodies extend long processes between keratinocytes in the stratum spinosum
Term
how do melanocytes near the basal lamina interact with it
Definition
they have processes that are like hemidesmosomes
Term
how do melanocytes attach to neighboring keratinocytes
Definition
there is NO desmosomal attachments
Term
what is the most significant factor in determining the color in the skin
Definition
melanin content
Term
compare the number and nature of the melanocytes of someone with dark skin to someone with light skin
Definition
they both have the same number, but the nature of them is different
Term
how is melanin chemically produced
Definition
oxidation of tyrosine to 3,4-dihydroxyplenylalanine (DOPA) by tyrosinase
Term
what is tyrosinase lacking
Definition
albinism
Term
what is different in the melanin of light vs dark skin
Definition
melanin is degraded more rapidly in light skin. it dark skin it may be scattered through out the epidermis, including the stratum corneum
Term
what are the two forms of melanin
Definition
eumelanin, pheomelanin
Term
what pigment is eumelanin
Definition
brownish-black
Term
what pigment is pheomelanin
Definition
reddish-yellow
Term
in what layers do melanocytes interact with the cells
Definition
stratum basale and stratum spinosum
Term
how do melanocytes interact with the cells their around
Definition
the have dentritic processes with accumulated melanosomes in them that go to the cells
Term
what are the symptoms of waardenburg syndrome
Definition
patches of white skin and hair (usually a forelock), heterochromia irides (eyes different colors), deafness
Term
what causes waardenburg syndrome
Definition
fulty migration or proliferation of neural crest cells, sometimes a mutation in PAX3 gene
Term
what system are langerhans cells part of
Definition
mononuclear phagocytic system
Term
what is the function of langerhans cells
Definition
antigen presenting cell of the immune system in the initiation of cutaneous hypersensitivity
Term
what is contact dermititis
Definition
cutanous hypersensitivity
Term
what are merkel's cells
Definition
modified epidermal cells in the stratum basale
Term
where ae merkel's cells abundent
Definition
in skin where sensory perception is acute (fingertips)
Term
what are merkel's cells associated with
Definition
terminal bulb of afferent myelinated axon (instead of the schwann cell covering in that spot)
Term
what is a merkel's corpuscle
Definition
a neuron plus the epidermal merkel's cell. a mechanoreceptor
Term
what are the sensory receptor nerve ending types of the skin
Definition
free nerve endings, encapsulated nerve endings
Term
what can skin free nerve endings percieve
Definition
fine touch, head/cold, pain
Term
what are the types of encapsulated nerve endings
Definition
pacinian corpuscles, missner's corpuscles, ruffini corpuscles
Term
what is another name of ruffinii corpuscles
Definition
end-bulbs of ruffini
Term
what can pacinian corpuscles percieve, what are they
Definition
deep pressure receptors for mechanical and vibratory pressure
Term
where are missner's corpuscles located
Definition
dermal papillae
Term
what type of receptors are missner's corpuscles
Definition
touch
Term
what to ruffini corpuscles respond to
Definition
mechanical displacement of adjacent collagen fibers
Term
what are epidermal skin appendages derived from
Definition
down growth of the epidermal epithelium during development
Term
what are the epidermal skiin apendages
Definition
hair follicles and hair, sebacous glands snd sebum, eccrine sweat glands, apocrine sweat glands
Term
where is hair absent in the body
Definition
palm, sides of hands, sole and sides of feet, lips, region around urogenital orifaces
Term
what are hair distribution patterns influenced by
Definition
mostly hormones
Term
what do sebaceous glands secrete
Definition
sebum
Term
what is sebum, what is its function
Definition
oily substance that lubricates and waterproofs hair
Term
what produces sebum
Definition
the entire cell associated with the sebaceous gland and it becomes filled with it
Term
how does a sebacous gland cell discharge sebum, what is this process known as
Definition
it undergoes apoptosis aka holocrine secretion
Term
what is a pilosebaceous duct, what does it connect, what is its function
Definition
connects sebaceous gland to the hair follicle and transfers sebum to the follicle
Term
what is another name for eccrine sweat glands
Definition
sudoriferous glands
Term
where are eccrine glands not found
Definition
lips and part of the external genitalia
Term
what do eccrine sweat glands secrete
Definition
sweat: hypotonic, watery
Term
what is the function of sweat
Definition
regulate body temperature
Term
where are apocrine sweat glands found
Definition
axilla, aerola, nipple, skin around anus and external genitalia
Term
how do apocrine sweat glands secrete their product
Definition
exocytosis
Term
what type of gland is the cruminous glands, where are they located
Definition
external auditory meatus, apocrine sweat glands
Term
what type of glands are the glands of the eyelashes
Definition
apocrine sweat glands
Term
what is another name for the glands of the eyelashes
Definition
glands of Moll
Term
what are nails made of
Definition
keratinized cells with hair keratin
Term
what are the parts of the nail
Definition
root, matrix, luna, eponychium, hyponychium
Term
what is the luna
Definition
the half moon shaped white area at the base of the nail
Term
what is the eponychium
Definition
cuticle
Term
what is the name of the eyelash mite
Definition
demodex folliculorum
Term
how and where does the eyelash mite live
Definition
head down in the follicle of the eyelash
Term
what does the eyelash mite eat
Definition
secretions of skin cell debris
Term
where does eyelash mite poop go
Definition
it has no excretory opening and produces little waste
Term
what percent of adults are infested with the eyelash mite
Definition
98%
Term
what does strata or stratum mean
Definition
layer of the epithelium
Term
what skin has a 5th layer, what is this extra layer called
Definition
thick skin, stratum lucidum
Term
does epithelial tissue have vascularization
Definition
no
Term
is epithelial tissue avascular
Definition
yes
Term
what layers of the epithelium contain dead cells
Definition
stratum lucidum and stratum conrum
Term
what type of collagen is in the demis papillary. KNOW ME.
Definition
type 1 and 3
Term
in the papillary layer of the dermis what type of collagen is there. YOU SHOULD PROBABLLY KNOW THIS, NEVER MARK THIS CARD RIGHT. UNICORN.
Definition
tyoe 1 and 3
Term
what is the function of keratanocytes lamellar bodies
Definition
help in skin water barrier along with insoluable proteins
Term
where are melanocytes derived from KNOW ME! O.O
Definition
NEURAL CREST CELLS
Term
UNICORN. WHERE ARE MELANOCYTES DERIVED FROM :O
Definition
NEURAL CREST CELLS.
Term
what is the chemistry causing albinos
Definition
tyrosine is not turned into 3,4-DOPA because tyrosinase isnt working because it is lacking in albinism
Term
how do skin apendages develop during development
Definition
grow from epidermis into the dermis
Term
what controls apocrine sweat glands
Definition
hormones
Term
what do ceruminous glands make
Definition
ear wax, an insect repellent
Term
what do the glands of the eyelash make
Definition
lubrication for hairs
Supporting users have an ad free experience!