Term
| what is the surface of the ovary covered by |
|
Definition
| simple squamous epithelium or cuboidal (germinal epithelium) |
|
|
Term
| what is under the epithelium of the ovary |
|
Definition
| dense CT (tunica albuginea) |
|
|
Term
| what is under the tunica albuginea of the ovary |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is the main thin in the cortex of the ovary |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what are ovarian follicles embedded in |
|
Definition
| CT of the cortical region of the stroma |
|
|
Term
| what is the stroma of the ovary made of |
|
Definition
| spindle shaped fibroblasts |
|
|
Term
| what do the fibroblasts of the ovary stroma respond to |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is in the medulla of the ovary |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what marks the division of the medulla and cortex of the ovary |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what happens in ovarian development at 1 mo gestation |
|
Definition
| primordial germ cells migrate from yolk sac to gonadal primordia and divide into oogonia |
|
|
Term
| what moth are there the most oogonia |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what can oogonia do, when can they start |
|
Definition
| turn into primary oocytes, mo 3. or go through atresia |
|
|
Term
| what do primary oocytes do |
|
Definition
| go into meiosis 1 and stop in prophase diplotine |
|
|
Term
| what surrounds primary oocytes |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| at what month are their no oogonia, why |
|
Definition
| mo 7 because they are no all primary oocytes or atresia |
|
|
Term
| what does an ovarian follicle consist of |
|
Definition
| oocyte, one or mroe layers follicular cells |
|
|
Term
| what is another name for follicular cells |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what lies under the follicular cells in a follicle, what does this seperate the follicle from |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| where are premordial follicles located |
|
Definition
| superificial layer of corticol region |
|
|
Term
| when does follicular growth begin |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what occurs in follicular growth |
|
Definition
| every day some primordial follicles begin to modify the oocyte, follicular cells, and stroma cells around it |
|
|
Term
| what stimulates follicular growth |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| when is oocyte growth most rapid |
|
Definition
| in the first part of follicular growth |
|
|
Term
| what happens in the first part of follicular growth |
|
Definition
| follicular cells divide my mitosis and form single layer of cuboidal cells (unilaminal primary follicle) |
|
|
Term
| what happens to the oocyte after the unilaminal primary follicle forms |
|
Definition
| follicular cells proliferate forming zona pellucida |
|
|
Term
| what type of tissue is the zona pellucida |
|
Definition
| stratified follicular epithelium (granulosa layer) |
|
|
Term
| how do zona pellucida cells communicate |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what cells contribute to the production of the zona pellucida |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| how do the follicular cells communicate with the oocyte after the zona pellucida is formed |
|
Definition
| filopodia of the follicular cells and microville from the oocyte penetrate zona pellucida through gap junctions |
|
|
Term
| what is the follicle called after it gets a zona pellucida |
|
Definition
| multilaminar primary follicle (prenatal) |
|
|
Term
| what happens after the follicle becomes a multilaminal primary follicle |
|
Definition
| it moves to the deepr corticol region and liquid begins to accumulate between the follicular cells that coalesce into a larger cavity called antrum |
|
|
Term
| what is the liquid that forms the antrum made of |
|
Definition
| GAGs, steroid binding proteins, high steroid concentrations (progesterone, androgens, estrogens) |
|
|
Term
| after the follicular cells form antrum, describe the reorganization, new naming, etc |
|
Definition
| the ones on the interior of antrum are cumulus oophorus. that ones right by the oocyte are the corona radiata |
|
|
Term
| what is the follicle called when it has an antrum and the follicular cells reorganize |
|
Definition
| secondary or antral follicle |
|
|
Term
| what happens to the corona radiata |
|
Definition
| it stays with the oocyte when it leaves the ovary |
|
|
Term
| what happens to stroma cells as the follicle matures |
|
Definition
| they differentiate into theca folliculi and then differentiate into the theca interna and externa |
|
|
Term
| what does the theca interna consist of, what is the function |
|
Definition
| steroid secreting cells that make aldosterone |
|
|
Term
| what happens to aldosterone once made in the ovary |
|
Definition
| transported to granulosa cell layer and converted to estrogen |
|
|
Term
| what stimulates for aldosterone to be turned into estrogen |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is in the theca externa |
|
Definition
| fibroblasts in layers around theca interna |
|
|
Term
| what happens to the follicles during the menstural cycle |
|
Definition
| one follicle becomes dominent, the others undergo atresia |
|
|
Term
| what is a follicle called when it doest go through atresia and is fully developed and the only one left |
|
Definition
| preovulatory, mature, or graafian follicle |
|
|
Term
| how long does it take for a follicle to mature |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what happens when a follicle undergoes atresia |
|
Definition
| oocyte and granulosa cells die and are phagocytosed by macrophages |
|
|
Term
| what do follcles undergo atresia if not the chosen follicle |
|
Definition
| at any time during development, they could get all the way to almost mature and be in second place and be wiped out just before the finish line |
|
|
Term
| when is atresia of follicle more frequent |
|
Definition
| at times of hormone change: birth, puberty, pregnacy |
|
|
Term
| what does ovulation consist of |
|
Definition
| rupture of mature collicle and liberation of oocyte |
|
|
Term
| when in the menstural cycle does ovulation take place |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what stimulates for ovulation |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what stimulates for LH to be released to stimulate ovulation |
|
Definition
| estrogen released by growing follicles |
|
|
Term
| what happens to the oocyte just before ovulation |
|
Definition
| first meiotic division is completed and the secondary oocyte is made along with a polar body, then the second division begins and pauses in metaphase |
|
|
Term
| what happens right after the follicle wall ruptures |
|
Definition
| ocyte and first polar body enclosed in zona pellucida, the crona radiata, and some follicular fluid leave the ovary and enter uterine tube where oocyte can be fertilized |
|
|
Term
| what happens to the oocyte if fertilization does not occur |
|
Definition
| in degenerates in 24 hours |
|
|
Term
| what happens to the granulosa cells and theca interna after ovulation |
|
Definition
| reorganize into temporary endocrine gland, corpus luteum, they enlarge and turn into steroid secreting cells |
|
|
Term
| what do the theca interna cells of the corpus luteum become |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what do the granulosa cells of the corpus luteum become |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| once the corpus luteum is basically formed (has its first cells) what happnes to it as it matures |
|
Definition
| capillaries and lymphatics grow in and cells change enzyme sets and secrete progesterone and estrogen |
|
|
Term
| what induces maturation of the corpus luteum |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what happens to the corpus luteum if the egg is not fertilized |
|
Definition
| in 10-12 days it goes through apopotosis and a scar called corpa albicans remains |
|
|
Term
| what happes to the corpus luteum if the egg is fertilized |
|
Definition
| trophoblast cells release HGC and it is similar to LH so it corpus luteum stays for longer after 5 months goes through apoptosis leaving a larger scar |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| scar left by corpus luteum |
|
|
Term
| what is another name for uterine tube |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what are the uterine tubes made of |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is on the dilated end of the uretine tube |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what are the layers of the uterine tube wall |
|
Definition
| mucosa, muscularis, serosa |
|
|
Term
| what tissue is the mucosa of the uterine tubes |
|
Definition
| simple columnar epithelium, lamina propria, loose ct |
|
|
Term
| what are the cell types of the mucosa of the uterine tubes |
|
Definition
| one ciliated, one secretory |
|
|
Term
| what does estrogen do to the uterine tube |
|
Definition
| hypertrophy, ciliogenesis |
|
|
Term
| what does progesterone do to the uterine tube |
|
Definition
| increases number of secretory cells |
|
|
Term
| what do the ciliated cells of the uterine tubes do |
|
Definition
| move viscous liquid film secreteed by secretory cells to the uterus |
|
|
Term
| describe the muscular layer of the uterine tubes |
|
Definition
| thick inner circular and outer longitudinal layers of smooth muscle |
|
|
Term
| what is the serosa of the uterine tube |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what does the uterine tube do at ovulation |
|
Definition
| activly moves toward the ovary to push the oocyte to it |
|
|
Term
| how long is an oocyte viable after ovulation |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is the function of uterine tube secretions |
|
Definition
| nutrients for oocyte, capacitation of spermatozoa |
|
|
Term
| where does fertilization usually occur |
|
Definition
| in ampulla of uterine tube |
|
|
Term
| what does penetration of the oocyte by the spermatozoon trigger |
|
Definition
| zompletion of second meiotic division generating the second polar body and leaving the oocyte ready to combine DNA with the sperm |
|
|
Term
| how long does it take for a zygote to be transfered to the uterus |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what are the layers of the uterus wall |
|
Definition
| serosa of peritoneum / ct adventitia, muscular layer (myometrium), mucosal (endometrium) |
|
|
Term
| describe the organization of the myometrium |
|
Definition
| bundles of smooth muscle seperated by cr forming 3-4 poorly defined layers. the inner and outer layer run longitudinal, middle has vessels |
|
|
Term
| what ahppens to the myometrium during pregnacy |
|
Definition
| hyperplasia and hypertrophy, smooth muscles make collagen |
|
|
Term
| what ahppens to the myometrium after pregnacy |
|
Definition
| destruction of smooth m, reduction in size of others, enzymatic degradation of collagen |
|
|
Term
| what is in the epithelium and lamina propria of the endometrium |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what type of cells are in the endometroum |
|
Definition
| mixture of ciliary and secretory simple columnar cells |
|
|
Term
| what endometrium cell type is more rare in glandular epithelium |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is in the lamina propria of the endomterium |
|
Definition
| fibroblasts, ground substance, type 3 collagen |
|
|
Term
| what are the layers of the endometrium |
|
Definition
| stratum functionale, stratum basale |
|
|
Term
| what is the function and location of the stratum functionale |
|
Definition
| it is thicker, more superificial, and sloughed off at mensturation |
|
|
Term
| what is the function and location of the stratum basale |
|
Definition
| deeper, retained in mensturation, source for regeneratin of stratum functionale |
|
|
Term
| what comes off the uterine arteries to supply tne uterus |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what happens to arcuate arteries |
|
Definition
| they anastomose in the myometrium |
|
|
Term
| what are the radial arteries a branch of |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| where are radial arteries located |
|
Definition
| stratum basale of the endometrium |
|
|
Term
| what are the branches off the radial arteries |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what do the small straight arteries supply |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| how do radial arteries end |
|
Definition
| they continue to the stratum functionale and become highly coiled turning into spiral arteries |
|
|
Term
| what do spiral arteries supply |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what function do the spiral arteries have |
|
Definition
| help in sloughing off of the stratum functionale |
|
|
Term
| when does the menstural cycle begin |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| when does the menstural cycle end |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| how long is the menstural cycle |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what are the phases of the mestural cycle, how long are they |
|
Definition
| menstural 4-5, proliferative 10, secretory 14 |
|
|
Term
| what occures in the proliferative phase |
|
Definition
| growth of follicles and secretion of estrogen, cell proliferation in endometrium |
|
|
Term
| what is the surface of the endometrium covered by in the proliferative phase |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what are the glands like the the proliferative phase |
|
Definition
| straight tubules with narrow lumens |
|
|
Term
| when does the secretory phase occur |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what hormone influences the secretory phase, where does it come from |
|
Definition
| progesterone, corpus luteum |
|
|
Term
| what happens in the secretory phase |
|
Definition
| endometrium becomes edematous, glands enlarge and spiral, gland lumens become sacculated and fill with secretions |
|
|
Term
| what initiates the menstural phase |
|
Definition
| rapid decline in progesterone levels when corpus luteum stops functioning |
|
|
Term
| what occurs in the menstural phase |
|
Definition
| periodic contractions of spiral arteries happen for hours at a time causing ischemia of the stratum functionale, after 2 days it sloughs off until only stratumm basale remains |
|
|
Term
| what is in vaginal discharge |
|
Definition
| blood, uterine fluid, sloughing stromal and epithelial cells |
|
|
Term
| what happens in gavid phase |
|
Definition
| implantation occurs, blastocyst implants by invagind the endometrium, trophoblast cells secrete HCG stimulating continued secretion of corpus lutrum preserving the endometrium |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| stromal fibers change and are called decidual cells because of implantation |
|
|
Term
| what is the endometrium called after implantatioon |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| how do stromal fibroblasts change into decdual cells |
|
Definition
| enlarge, rounde, exhibit characteristics of protein secreting cells |
|
|
Term
| what are the classifications of deciduia |
|
Definition
| basalis, capsularis, parietalis |
|
|
Term
| where is the deciduia basalis |
|
Definition
| between embryo and myometroim |
|
|
Term
| where is the deciduia capsularis |
|
Definition
| between embryo and lumen of uterus |
|
|
Term
| what is the cervex made of |
|
Definition
| dense ct, smooth muscle fibers, muscous secreting simple columnar, larged branched glands |
|
|
Term
| does the cervex epithelium slough off |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| describe the cervicla mucous mid cycle, why |
|
Definition
| lots of mucous, less viscous. more favorable for sperm |
|
|
Term
| describe the cervical mucous during pregnacy |
|
Definition
| cervical glands proliferate and secrete a more viscous and abundent mucous making a plug |
|
|
Term
| what is the portion of the cervix protruding into the vagina |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is the ectocervix covered by |
|
Definition
| stratified squamous epithelium |
|
|
Term
| that is the transformation zone |
|
Definition
| transition between mucous secreting columnar mucosa of endocervix and squmous mucosa of ectocervix |
|
|
Term
| where is the transformation zone in reproductivly active women |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| where is the transfoermation zone in women of menopause of pre-puberty |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what disease should the transformation zone be watched for |
|
Definition
| metaplasia, dysplastic changes, cancer |
|
|
Term
| what are the layers of the vagina |
|
Definition
| mucuosal, muscular, adventitial |
|
|
Term
| what is the vagina lined by |
|
Definition
| stratified squamous non keratinized epithelium without glands |
|
|
Term
| what happens to the epithelium of the vagina int eh follicular phase |
|
Definition
| estrogen causes epithelial cells to make a accumulate glycogen as they migrate to the surface |
|
|
Term
| what does the lamina propria of the vagina have |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| describe the muscular layer of the vagina |
|
Definition
| outer thicker longitudinal layer smooth muscle, continous with uterus, less prodominate inner layer |
|
|
Term
| describe the adventitial layer of the vagina |
|
Definition
| denser inner rich layer of elastic fibers and outer layer the blends with surroundings |
|
|
Term
| when do mammary glands develop |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what tells mammary glands to develop |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what does mammary gland development include |
|
Definition
| increases in adipose and ct and increased growth and branching of lacterous ducts |
|
|
Term
| how many lobes are in a mammary gland |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what type of glands are mammary glands |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is another name for nipple |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what seperates mammary gland lobes |
|
Definition
| fibrous bands of ct and further into lobules |
|
|
Term
| how does each lobe of the mammary gland drain |
|
Definition
| through its own duct in the nipple |
|
|
Term
| what occurs in the lacterifous duct just before it opens at the nipple |
|
Definition
| there is a dilated lactiferous sinus |
|
|
Term
| what lines the lacterifous duct |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what lines the lacteriferous sinus and duct system |
|
Definition
| layered cuboidal to simple columnar or cuboidal in the rest of the duct system |
|
|
Term
| what is the mammary gland composed of when inactive |
|
Definition
| mostly duct elements, few glandular elements |
|
|
Term
| what happens to the mammary glands near ovulation |
|
Definition
| under influence of estrogen they increase secretory cell height and opening od duct lumens |
|
|
Term
| what happens to mammary glands in the premenstural period |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what happens to mammary glands in pregnacy |
|
Definition
| ducts branch and alveoli develop (mostly later), decrease in adipose and CT, infiltration of CT by plasma cells, lymphocytes, eosinophils |
|
|
Term
| what does estrogen stimulate in mammary glands |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what does progesterone stimulate in mammary glands |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what other hormones stimulate mammmary glands |
|
Definition
| prolcating, human placemtal lactogen, adrenal glucocorticoids |
|
|
Term
| what do secreting cells of the mammary glands make |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| how are protein components of mammary glands secreted |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is merocrine secretion |
|
Definition
| vesicle membranes fuse with plasma membrane of cell |
|
|
Term
| how is the lipid compoenent of mammary glands secreted |
|
Definition
| apocrine system where lipid drops are covered by layer of plasma membrane and small amount of cytoplasm when released |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the first secretion released from the mammary glands the first few days after birth |
|
|
Term
| what is colostrum made of |
|
Definition
| more protein, less fat and carbs that milk later, antibodies (IgA) |
|
|
Term
| what happens after mom is done breast feeding |
|
Definition
| most alveoli under go degeneration by apoptosis |
|
|
Term
| what happens to mammary glands after menopause |
|
Definition
| secretory proteins degenerate and dissipear, ducts decrease but some remain, atrophic changes in CT, decreased fibroblasts and collagen, loss of elastic fibers |
|
|
