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Cell Bio Cardiovascular
KYCOM Block 2
99
Biology
Graduate
09/28/2012

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Term
what is included in the cardiovascular system
Definition
heart, blood, lymph
Term
which has higher pressure; arteries or veins
Definition
arteries
Term
how is blood pushed through veins
Definition
negative air pressure through inspiration, muscular contractions
Term
what is the function of a capillary
Definition
nutrient, waste, and gas exchange
Term
how is lymph formed
Definition
fluid is pushed out on the artery end of the capillary and due to the proteins in the blood, it is sucked back in on the vein side, but some does not go back in and becomes lymph
Term
what vessels carry blood away from the heart
Definition
arteries
Term
what are arterioles
Definition
small arteries
Term
what direction do veins carry blood
Definition
to the heart
Term
what are venules
Definition
small veins
Term
where do white blood cells leave the circulation at
Definition
post capillary venule
Term
what is the capillary composed of
Definition
endothelium and basal lamina
Term
what is another name for capillaries
Definition
microcirculation
Term
what part of the heart is systemic circulation
Definition
left
Term
what part of the heart is pulmonary circulation
Definition
right
Term
what is the fibrous skeleton of the heart made of
Definition
dense regular connective tissue
Term
what is te function of the fibrous skeleton of the heart
Definition
anchor valves
Term
how is the fibrous skeleton of the heart constructed
Definition
4 fibrous ringsfor each valve, 2 trigones connecting the rings and membranous part of the interventricular septa and intercalated discs
Term
what is the molecule of the conducting system of the heart
Definition
specilized heart muscle cells
Term
what is the epicardium made of
Definition
simple squamous mesothelium, visceral layer
Term
what is the mycardium
Definition
heart muscle
Term
what is the endocardium, what is it made of
Definition
inner lining of the heart. endothelial and subendothelial connective tissue, some smooth muscle
Term
what is the subendocardial layer
Definition
the layer of the heart that is deepest with puekinje fibers
Term
describe the path of conduction in the heart
Definition
1. SA node
2. AV node
3. down the bundle of HIS
4. right and left bundle branches
5. sybendothelial branches (purkinje)
Term
what is the function of the SA node
Definition
pacemaker
Term
what is the SA node made of
Definition
special cardiac muscle fibers
Term
what are purkinje fibers made of
Definition
lots of glycogen
Term
what layer of the heart are purkinje fibers in
Definition
deep in endocardium
Term
what lies next to purkinje fibers, what are they NOT used for
Definition
autonomic nerve fibers, DO NOT BEGIN HEART BEAT
Term
what does it mean when said the heart is autorythmic
Definition
inherently rythmic, genetrated intrinsically via synchronized special heart muscle fibers
Term
what does autonomic regulation to to the heart
Definition
ALTER heart beat, does NOT initiate, REGULATES
Term
what is the chronotrophic effect
Definition
regulation of heart rate via autonomic nerves
Term
where does parasympathetic stimulation for the heart come from
Definition
CN X, vagus nerve
Term
where do presynaptic parasympathetic neurons that regulate the heart synapse
Definition
in the heart wall, at the SA or AV node, some to coronary artery
Term
what are the ganglia in the SA or AV node called
Definition
intermural ganglia
Term
what is the neurotransmitter for parasympathetic heart nerves
Definition
acetylcholine
Term
what does acetylcholine do to the heart
Definition
slows heart rate and constricts coronary arteries
Term
what is bradycardia
Definition
constriction of coronary arteries
Term
where does sympathetic innervation of the heart come from
Definition
T1-T6
Term
where do sympathetic fibers innervating the heart synapse
Definition
sympathetic chain
Term
where do postganglionic fibers sympathetic innervation of the heart land
Definition
SA or AV node, or coronary arteries
Term
what neurotransmitter do sympathetic fibers innervating the heart use
Definition
norepinepherine
Term
what does norepinepherine do to the heart
Definition
regulates SA node impulses, causes trachecardia, increases contraction and heart rate
Term
what is trachecardia
Definition
increased contraction force and rate of the heart, dilates coronary arteries
Term
what are the layers of arteries and veins
Definition
tuinca intamia, tunica media, tunica adventitia
Term
what is the tunica intamia made of
Definition
endothelial, basal lamina, subendothelium, connective tissue
Term
what is the tunica media made of
Definition
smooth muscle, circumfruntally
Term
what is the tunica adventitia made of
Definition
collagenous and elastic tissue
Term
what is the vasa visorum
Definition
small vessels, nourish the tunica media in large vessels
Term
what is the nervi vascularis
Definition
control smooth muscle autonomically in arteries and veins
Term
where is the nervi vascularis located
Definition
tunica adventitia
Term
where are the vasa virosum located
Definition
tunica adventitia
Term
what are the lagest elastic arteries
Definition
aorta, pulmonary
Term
what are the elastic arteries
Definition
aorta, pulmonary, bracheocephalic, common caroted, subclavian, common iliac
Term
where are the rod cytoplasmic inclusions located
Definition
in the cytoplasm of elastic arteries tunica intamia
Term
what do the rod cytoplasmic inclusions do
Definition
release coagulation factor VIII (8)
Term
what is coagulation factor VIII (8) made by
Definition
endothelial cells in elastic arteries
Term
what is another name for coagulation factor VIII (8)
Definition
Von Willebebrand Factor
Term
what is another name for rod cytoplasm inclusions
Definition
weibel palade bodies
Term
what are the functions of elastic arteries
Definition
maintain selectivly permiable layer, maintain nonthrombogenic barrier, release prothrombogenic agents, vasoconstriction, vasodilation, regulate immune response, hormone synthesis, growth factor for metabolism, modify lipoproteins
Term
what is the nonthrombegenic barrier between
Definition
platlets and subendothelial tissue
Term
how do elastic arteries maintain the nonthrombogenic barrier
Definition
release anticolagulents (thrombomodulin) and antithrombogenic substances (prostacyclin, tissue plasminogen activator)
Term
what antithrombogenic substance do the elastic arteries release that is REALLY REALLY REALLY important for the block exam
Definition
prostacyclin
Term
what is prostacyclin YOU BETTER KNOW!!
Definition
antithrombogenic substance released by endothelial cells to maintain the nonthrombogenic barrier
Term
what do damaged elastic artery endothelial cells release
Definition
protrombogenic agents (coagulation factor VIII (8), plasminogen activator)
Term
what do prothrombogenic agents do
Definition
cause platlets to aggregate and release factors that cause formation of clots or thrombi
Term
how do the elastic arteries cause vasoconstriction
Definition
endothelin, angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE)
Term
how do elastic arteries cause vasodilation
Definition
endothelial derived relaxation factor, prostacyclin
Term
how do elastic arteries modify lipoproteins
Definition
VLDL and LDL are oxidized by free radicals made by endothelial cells, modified LDL are endocytosed by macrophages making foam cells
Term
what is a characteristic feature of athlerosclerotic plaques
Definition
foam cells
Term
what are the steps of atherosclerotic plaque formation
Definition
1. endothelial cells express cell adhesion molecules
2. monocytes migrate through endothelium
3. platlet derived growth factor is release from smooth m
4. PDGF migrates from tunica media to intima
5. intima gets more ECM and thickens
6. foam cells and smooth m accumulate LDLs that cross endothelial barrier
7. endothelial oxidizes LDL via free radicles
Term
what expresses adhesion molecules
Definition
endothelial cells
Term
what initiates for monocytes to go through vessel endothelium
Definition
adhesion molecules
Term
what causes smooth muscle to migrate from tunica media to intima
Definition
platlet derived growth factor
Term
where do foam cells come from
Definition
macrophages and smooth muscle cells
Term
what is the medium sized artery of them all
Definition
muscular
Term
compare elastin, smooth muscle, and tunica media of muscular arteries to the rest
Definition
less elastin, more smooth muscle, tunica media almost completely smooth
Term
what is the internal elastic membrane
Definition
prodominate layer in muscular arteries
Term
what is the neurovascular bundle
Definition
arteriole, venule, nerve
Term
compare an arteriole to a venule in shape
Definition
arterioles are more round
Term
how do RBC get through capillaries if their so small
Definition
they squish or bend
Term
where are continous capillaries located
Definition
muscle, lungs, CNS
Term
what connects cells in continous capillaries
Definition
occulding or tight junctions
Term
what is a pericyte
Definition
unspecilized cell derived from same precursor as endothelial. waiting to participate in tissue repair and connective tissue after injury
Term
where are fenestrated capillaries loated
Definition
endocrine glands, GI, gallbladder
Term
what are the physical characteristics of fenestrated capillaries
Definition
have gaps or ion channels with nonmembranous diaphragm in the fenestrations
Term
what is another name for discontinous capillaries
Definition
sinusoidal
Term
where are sinusoidal capillaries located
Definition
liver spleen bone marrow
Term
what is the shape of sunosoidal capillaries, how does this correlate with their function
Definition
large, irregular shape causes blood to flow slow letting macrophages near every cell to survey it
Term
desribe the basal lamina of sunosidal capillaries
Definition
discontinous
Term
wher is a metarteriole
Definition
sphinctor on an arteriole that regulates blood flow into capillaries. tends to push fluid out of vessels and into space between capillaries
Term
what makes a medium sized vein different in size than medium arteries
Definition
thicker tunica dventitia than arteries
Term
what makes a large vein large
Definition
thick tunica adventitia, thin tunica media
Term
what are the large veins
Definition
IVC, SVS, subclavian
Term
where are atypical veins located
Definition
in folds of dura mater that are endothelial lined
Term
what is another name for atypical veins
Definition
venous or dural sinuses
Term
what are the types of atypical veins
Definition
superior saggital, inferior saggital, transverse, sigmoid, cavernous sinus
Term
what is the function of lymph vessels
Definition
carry protein rick fluid back to circulation
Term
how do lymph vessels begin
Definition
with blind ended tubes in the tissues converging into vessels
Term
what are the largest lymph vessels
Definition
thoracic and right lymphatic ducts
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