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Cell Bio Exam (intro test)
Transcription to translation, DNA, RNA, Proteins, History, Early important biology discoveries
65
Biology
Undergraduate 2
01/30/2012

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Term
Light Microscope
Definition

Earliest tool of Cytologists; 200-350 nm resolution

Used dyes and stains in the 1800's

Brightfield, Phase Contrast, DIC, Flourescense, and confocal

 

Term

Electron Microscope

 

Definition

Invented by germans in 1932, used to try to see genes in the 50's: TEM and SEM; 0.1-0.2nm resolution 

 

Term

wavelength

 

 

Definition
Inversed to energy; 400nm wavelength is high energy, 700nm wavelength is low energy; different wavelengths are affected differently by particles. 
Term
Interference
Definition
Process by which 2 or more waves combining to concel one another 
Term
diffraction
Definition

Producing a wave that is equal to the some of two combining waves

 

Term

focal length

 

Definition

Distance at which an image is in focus; determined by index or refraction, medium it is immersed in, and geometry of the lense; determines magnifying strength

 

Term
angular aperature 
Definition
light gathering power of the objective lens; half angle of the cone of light entering the lens from the specimen; determines the sharpness of the interference pattern 
Term
resolution
Definition

Ability to  distinguish between 2 small and closely spaced objects as separate entities; influenced by wavelength of light, angular aperature and refractive index. 

 

Term
Refraction index 
Definition
Light gathering power of the condenser lens. 
Term
Brightfield 
Definition

Most basic type of light microscopy, white light shown behind specimen; both stained and unstained

 

Term

Phase contrast

 

Definition

Velocity changes in phases are converted into alterations of brightness; phase plate speeds up undiffracted light

 

Term

DIC (Differrential Interference Contrast)

 

Definition

Polarizers change the speed of the light that comes into the lense; shifts light 

 

Term
Fluorescence
Definition
Immunostaining with antibodies; you can see molecules of ions within the cells 
Term
Excitation
Definition
Light moves electrons into an excited stage 
Term
Emission
Definition
Electrons then fall to a ground state and emit photons
Term
Immunostaining
Definition
Using tagged antibodies to target specific molecules in a cell; Green Flourencent Protein (GFP), Flourescence Resonance Energy Transfer (FRET) 
Term
Confocal
Definition
Very expensive method; clearer than flourenscence, excludes out of focus light from the image 
Term
Optical Tweezers 
Definition
Moving proteins with laser beams, move around within a cell 
Term
Microtomes
Definition
Specimen slicer; fix sample in acids of aldehydes (Perfusion), dehydrate (Critical point dryer), embed and cut 
Term
Staining
Definition
See macromolecules of different densities; negative staining=electron density stain
Term
TEM
Definition
Transmission Electron Microscope. The electrons travel through the specimen, sees density 
Term
SEM
Definition
Scanning electron microscope; sees the surface of the specimen in detailed fashion 
Term
Freeze Fracture 
Definition

Made a gold (or other metal) "cast" of a membrane to see proteins

 

Term
Cell Division
Definition
Process by which a parent cell divides into two or more daughter cells while passing on genetic data 
Term
Cell Cycle and Phases 
Definition

Cycle in which a cell divides; Mitosis/meiosis, Gap 1, Synthesis, Gap 2 

 

Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase, Telophase 

Term
Replication
Definition
Process by which DNA replicates itself; semi-conservative, bidirectional; includes replication forks, replicons, and origins of replication 
Term
Semi-conservative 
Definition
DNA keeps half of it's original copy every time it replicates; proved by Meselson and Stahl during their equilibrium density centrifugation experiment with N15 and N14 (the bands) 
Term
replicon
Definition
Bubbles of independently initiated DNA replication
Term
Origin of Replication 
Definition
Place on DNA where replication begins; initiator proteins together= prereplication complex 
Term
ORC
Definition
Origin Replication Complex; initiator proteins together 
Term
MCM
Definition
Minichromosome Maintenence Proteins
Term
Leading Strand
Definition
Continuous replication in 3'-->5' direction 
Term
Lagging Strand
Definition
Okazaki fragments of replication going on opposite strand of DNA 5'-->3' direction 
Term
Exonuclease
Definition
Proofreading activity of DNA polymerase, removes improperly paired base-pairs in 3'-->5' direction 
Term
Endonuclease 
Definition
Similar to econuclease, but only cleaves at the end of polynucleotide chains
Term
SSB
Definition
Single stranded Binding Protein; binds to unzipped DNA strands and hold them apart 
Term
Telomeres 
Definition
A protein/enzyme with RNA code in it; fills in gaps at the ends of replicated DNA strands 
Term
Transcription
Definition
DNA--> RNA; DNA makes tRNA, mRNA, rRNA and miRNA
Term
Translation
Definition
RNA--> Proteins; includes making of ribosomes, and aminocyl-tRNA
Term
tRNA
Definition
Binds to amino acids to make aminoacyl-tRNA
Term
mRNA
Definition
interacts with tRNA and rRNA to make functional proteins
Term
rRNA 
Definition
Makes ribosomes 
Term
Degenerate Code
Definition
1 amino acid spelled different ways; many diff combos 
Term
codon
Definition
Sequence of three nucleotides; non-overlapping; nearly universal; 64 codons=20 amino acids, 61 spell amino acids, 1 start, 3 stops. 
Term
Promoter 
Definition
"upstream" part of DNA to be replicated; includes -35 sequence of TTGACA, and -10 sequence TATA box
Term
TF
Definition
Transcription Factor; protein required for polymers to bind and initiate transcription 
Term

template strand

 

Definition
DNA strand of the double helix that serves as the template for the coding strand 
Term
Coding Strand
Definition
nontemplate strand of a DNA double helix, which is base-paired to the template strand 
Term
Cap and Tail
Definition
cao is before AUG (start) tail is after the UAG, UAA or UGA (stop) both protect boding sequences from degradation in Eukaryotes
Term
Spliceosomes
Definition
Cut out introns and paste RNA units together
Term
Binding Sites (3 sites)
Definition
Made of sm and lg ribosome units; holds coded strands in translation and pulls through to make proteins in APE order; aminoacyl site, peptidyl site, exit side 
Term
Anticodon
Definition
Written in 3'-->5' organization to bind to end mRNA
Term
IF
Definition
(Initiation Factors) to initiate translation in bacteria 
Term
EF
Definition
(Elongation Factor) in bacteria; they bring GTP
Term
Translocation 
Definition
movement of mRNA across a ribosome by a distance of nucleotides bring next codon so another can be translated 
Term
Release Factors
Definition
releases polypeptide chains from tRNA at the termination of translation. Requires GTP 
Term
Molecular Chaperones
Definition
proteins that fold protein structures 
Term
polyribosomes
Definition
cluster of 2+ ribosomes translating mRNA simultaneously 
Term
archea
Definition
one of two groups of prokaryotes (the other being bacteria) they thrive in harsh conditions 
Term
Prokaryotes 
Definition
Characterized by absense of nucleus and organelles
Term
Eukaryotes
Definition
Living organism; true nucleus and organelles 
Term
Peptyltransferase
Definition
moves peptide chain in translation 
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