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Details

CDC 4N0X1 B vol. 1
Patient Care Skills
386
Medical
Undergraduate 1
11/23/2009

Additional Medical Flashcards

 


 

Cards

Term
What are two ways a causitive agent may cause dissease?
Definition
By destroying host cells or releasing toxins.
Term
Where do normal flora originate?
Definition
Exposure to external sources in th environment.
Term
what type of relationship develops when a host is exposed repeatedly to a pathogen, but is never succesful in eliminating it?
Definition
Commensalism
Term
How do carriers differ from individuals who actually develop an infectious disease?
Definition
Carriers have the pathogen but present no symptoms.
Term
What type of pathogen  uses parts of the host's tissues  as nutrients?
Definition
Parasites
Term
What is the average rate of reproduction for bacterial cells?
Definition
They divide every 30- 120 min.
Term
What physical characteristics of bacteria are used to determine their classification?
Definition
Size shape and attachments.
Term
What are the three basic bacterial shapes?
Definition
Cocci (spere), spirochete (spiral), and bacilli (rod).
Term
What type of organism causes rocky mountain spotted fever?
Definition
Rickettsiae
Term
What are three useful functions of Fungi?
Definition
Food, Medication, and products that help make food (i.e. yeast).
Term
What unique quality does the cell wall of the protozoa possess and what does it allow the cell to do?
Definition
Protozoa have a flexible cell wall that allows the organism to assume different shapes.
Term
What enables an amoeba to propel itself and ingest food particles?
Definition
Psuedopods
Term
What is the smallest known microorganism?
Definition
Viruses
Term
In what stage do helminthes normally enter the human host?
Definition
Larval stage
Term
List the components of the chain of infection.
Definition
Infectious agent, resevoir, portal of exit, mode of transfer, portal of entry, susceptible host.
Term
What are the normal exit portals for infectious agents?
Definition
Respiratory tract, GI tract, broken skin, mucus membranes.
Term
What is indirect contact.
Definition
Touching an object that has touched a contaminated person.
Term
Describe the droplet transmission
Definition
Infectious agents are transmitted through the air a short distance via small droplets from coughing, sneezing, or talking.
Term
What are the stages of infectious disease?
Definition
Incubation, prodormal, illness, convalesence.
Term
How much and the prodormal period vary in different diseases?
Definition
Anywhere from a few hours to a few days.
Term
What is the body's best natural barrier to infection?
Definition
Clean unbroken skin.
Term
How do mucous membranes defend against infection?
Definition
It traps microorganisms, extra blood flow rushes WBC's to the area, and it harbors normal flora that kill viruses.
Term
How do tears defend against infection?
Definition
They wash debri and microorganisms away.
Term
What role does the lymphatic system play in the body's disease defense system?
Definition
Nodes produce WBC's and filter the blood for pathogens.
Term
What are antibodies?
Definition
Substances produced by the body that attack and kill antigens.
Term
What is a regional infection?
Definition
An infection that spreads to the lymph nodes.
Term
What are thetwo recommended tiers of isolation precations developed by the CDC?
Definition
Standard cautions and transmission based precautions.
Term
Why were standard precautions developed?
Definition
To prevent nosocomial infections.
Term
When is it important to use masks, goggles, or face shields?
Definition
When splatter or splashing of bodily fluids is possible.
Term
What are the 3 types of transmission based precautions?
Definition
Airborne, droplet, and contact precautions.
Term
Describe how to reduce the reisk of spreading infectious agents by the airborne route.
Definition
Place patient in a private room with negative pressure. Always where a mask when entering the room.
Term
If droplet precautions are in effect, when should you wear a mask?
Definition
When you are working within 3 ft of the patient.
Term
Describe the primary purpose of having housekeeping.
Definition
Conrole the spread of infection.
Term
Define hepatitis.
Definition
Inflammation of the liver caused by a pathogen.
Term
What is meningitis, and what is the most serious type?
Definition
Inflammation of the meninges. Bacterial meningitis is the worst.
Term
What is the most common type of meningitis.
Definition
Viral meningitis.
Term
What is AIDS?
Definition
Autoimmune defficiency syndrom caused by the HIV.
Term
What are the most common/serious complications of gonorrhea infections in women?
Definition
Pelvic inflammatory disease.
Term
List the 5 stages of syphilis?
Definition
primary, secondary, latent, late, congenital
Term
How does a physician notify Public Health of a reprtable disease?
Definition
By phone
Term
What dierective discusses how reportable disease lists must be updated?
Definition
AFI 48-105
Term
Who ensures civilian agencies are notified of reportable diseases?
Definition
Public Health
Term
What does asepsis mean?
Definition
State of being free from microorganisms.
Term
What is another term for medical asepsis?
Definition
Clean technique
Term
What is anothe term for surgical asespsis?
Definition
Sterile technique
Term
What procedure is designed to destroy pathogens, but usually does not affect spores?
Definition
Disinfecting
Term
What is the difference between disinfectants and antiseptics?
Definition
Disinfectants are made to kill pathogens and are used on objects. Antiseptics are made to inhiit growth of pathogens on living tissue but don't necessarily kill them.
Term
What is the purpose of isolation precautions?
Definition
To prevent the spread of infectious agents.
Term
What are tree reasons non medical individuals contaminate themselves when attempting to deal with isolation?
Definition
They don't believe, they don't understand, or they are illiterate.
Term
Why do medical staff members violate isolation principles?
Definition
They are taking short cuts, don't understand, or don't think the rules apply to them.
Term
Under what conditions can a roomate be placed with an isolation patient?
Definition
When they are of the same gender and have the same disease. Or when they both understand the infectious process and isolation precautions.
Term
Why are contaminated articles bagged berfore they are taken out of the isolation unit?
Definition
To prevent contamination of the general environment and othe patients.
Term
Define routine vs. terminal cleaning.
Definition
Routine is everyday cleaning while terminal cleaning invovles disinfecting things that the patient has touched.
Term
What additional precautions should be taken with cleaning equipment if the patient's condition requires a private room?
Definition
The cleaning equipment should be disinfected with an approved solution before going into another room.
Term
How is the solution that is used for terminal cleaning selected?
Definition
They are selected by the local infection control commitee according to EPA standards.
Term
What should infectious patients wear when they are being transported throught the hospital?
Definition
Mask, gloves, gown.
Term
Why is a private room the most effective type of isolation unit?
Definition
It isolates the patient and serves as a reminder to put on protective equipment.
Term
How do masks protect the wearer?
Definition
They prevent inhalation of infectious agents in the air, in dropplets, and prevent pathogens from touching mucus membranes.
Term
When should you put on and take off the mask?
Definition
Put on when you enter and take off when you leave the room.
Term
What general tasks are included in teh sterilization process?
Definition
Cleaning, disinfecting, wrapping, and sterilizing.
Term
For what purpose is low-level disinfection useful?
Definition
General cleaning.
Term
What type of disinfection is done by placing small itmes in boiling water for specified period of time?
Definition
Pastuerization
Term
What is the method of choice for chemical disinfection?
Definition
Sterilization
Term
What does the EPA classify chemical disinfectant solutions as?
Definition
Sporicide, general disinfectants, hospital disinfectants, and sanitizers.
Term
What is the disadvantage of formaldahydes?
Definition
The solution is irritating to the skin, eyes, and mucous membranes; instruments must be rinsed thuroughly afterwards, the fumes are toxic, and you cannot disinfect porous materials.
Term
What are special precautions that you must take whe using ultraviolet irradiation?
Definition
You have to wear protective garments and glasses.
Term
List three items that are classified as semicritical items.
Definition
Fiber-optic endoscopes, endotracheal tubes, and cystoscopes.
Term
What factors determine the cleaning method to be used for equipment?
Definition
Local policy, the object to be cleaned, and the amount of debri left on the instrument.
Term
When cleaning equipment, what things should you do to prevent self contamination.
Definition
Wear protective equipment, wash under water to avoid splashing.
Term
Describe ultrasonic cleansing.
Definition
Ultrasonic soundwaves are passed through the cleaning water to break up debri clinging to the instruments.
Term
What characteristics should wrapping material or sterile packs have?
Definition
Allows sterilizing agent to come and leave but does not allow pathogens to enter. Must be durable, flexible, and provide protection. Finally it must be cost effective.
Term
Why should you avoid adding extra supplies or equipment to a sterile pack?
Definition
Packs have specific purposes that only require certain tools. Adding more is a waste of time and tools.
Term
Which wrapping method is used for most packages?
Definition
Double wrapped diagonal method.
Term
Why should you avoid using pins, clips, or staples to secure sterile packages?
Definition
To keep from making holes in the package.
Term
What instrument should you use to label a package?
Definition
Pre printed tape or an indellible ink, felt-tip pen to write on the chemical testing tape only.
Term
What info should be included on the label?
Definition
Date, contents, initials, unit, time, load and control number.
Term
What are three basic methods of sterilization?
Definition
Physical, chemical, and ionizing radiation.
Term
What kind of sterilization includes gravity displacement sterilizers, prevacuum sterilizers, and washer-sterilizers?
Definition
Pressure steam sterilization.
Term
When does a steam sterilizer being timeing the actual sterilization cylce?
Definition
When all the air is removed and the steam reaches a predetermined point.
Term
What are the disadvantages of using steam sterilizers?
Definition
They are really hot and cannot be used for delicate items.
Term
What is the difference between the gravity displacement sterilizer and the prevacuum steam sterilizer?
Definition
The sterilization cyle.
Term
What is the primary function of washer sterilizers?
Definition
Decontaminate/ sterilize used patient care items.
Term
A washer sterilizer cycle should only be used for what type of sterilization?
Definition
Terminal
Term
How should items be loaded in a steam sterilizer?
Definition
On their sides
Term
When monitoring the sterilization cycle, what are some problems to look for?
Definition
Unsaturated steam, wet steam, incomplete air removal, and timer malfuntion.
Term
What should you always do before opening a steamer door?
Definition
Check the pressure and stand away form the opening.
Term
How many types of processing trays ar ethere for the paracetic acid sterilizer?
Definition
2
Term
How often should biological testing be completed?
Definition
Weekly
Term
Whare are the four methods to monitor and control the sterilization process?
Definition
Message screen, status lights, print out, beeps
Term
When unloading the sterilizer, you must first check to make sure the chemical strips have changed to what color?
Definition
Yellow
Term
For what purpose is ionizing radiation primarily used?
Definition
Bulk sterilization of commercial products
Term
What are three types of disinfection?
Definition
Pastuerization, exposure to chemical germicides, and ultraviolet irradiation.
Term
What type of microorganism causes malaria?
Definition
Sporazoa
Term
What type of isolation are patients placed in who are highly susceptible to pathogens?
Definition
Reverse Isolation
Term
An acceptable alternative to an anteroom for an isolation patient is what?
Definition
An isolation cart.
Term
Howl oong is an item immersed in sterilant during the cycle of  of a peracetic acid sterilizer?
Definition
12 minutes
Term
How often do you clean and inspect steam sterilizers?
Definition
Daily and weekly
Term
How often should diagnostic tests chould be run on a peracetic acid sterilizer.
Definition
Recommended every 24 hours.
Term
How often should biological testing be conducted and documented for hydrogen peroxide plasma sterilizers?
Definition
Once per day
Term
According to Maslow's hierarchy of needs, in what category would the ability to breathe without problems be located?
Definition
Physiological
Term
What vitamins are necessary for RBC production?
Definition
Vitamins B12 and folic acids.
Term
What lipids are found in blood plasma?
Definition
Triglycerides, phospholipids, cholesterol
Term
Which type of lipoprotein has characteristics of having relatively high concentrations of cholesterol?
Definition
Low density lipoproteins
Term
What is the minimum number fot times ROM exercises should be performed?
Definition
3-5 times per exercise usually at least 2X a day.
Term
Shelter is a consideration that falls into which need category?
Definition
Safety and security.
Term
What is th third level of needs in the hierarchy?
Definition
Love and belonging.
Term
Which need is satisfied when people are able to establish and maintain meaningful relationships?
Definition
Love and Belonging
Term
What need relates to how others feel about you?
Definition
Self Esteem
Term
What is self actualization?
Definition
Reaching one's full potential.
Term
During what stage of life does the development of normal sleeping patterns occur?
Definition
Infant.
Term
During late childhood, how many words are children capable of understanding?
Definition
50,000
Term
What ages are included in the adolescent stage?
Definition
12-20 yrs
Term
At what stage of life does physical deterioration start?
Definition
Young adult, after 30 yrs old
Term
During what stage of life do people often look back at the goals they have accompllished so far?
Definition
Middle adulthood
Term
According to Florence Nightingale's theory, what are the controllable environmental factors mnedics should be concerned about?
Definition
Pure air, pure water, efficient drainage, and light (sun light).
Term
What are three health risk factors that cannot be changed?
Definition
Age, gender, and heredity.
Term
Explain the environmental control program.
Definition
Monitoring or eliminating environmental hazards, specifically, comtaminants of air, food, and water.
Term
What type of community helath program is designed to assess health status and provide services that assist in maintaining a healthy lifestyle?
Definition
Health and Wellness programs.
Term
What are some sources of protein?
Definition
Meat, fish, eggs, some cereals.
Term
Which vitamins cannot be stored by the body and need to be ingested daily?
Definition

Vitamins B and C.

 

Term
What are common reasons for ordering a bland diet?
Definition
Ulcers, intestinal problems, gallbladder problems, and post abdominal surgery.
Term
What are two major components of nutrients?
Definition
Vitamins and Minerals
Term
Why should patients without a confirmed B12 deficiency avoid taking large doses of it?
Definition
It can mask a folic acid deficiency and create cardiac complications.
Term
What is the max recommended folic acid dosage?
Definition
.4mg
Term
Patients reated for what specific disease are advised not to take B6 supplements?
Definition
Parkenson's
Term
What are signs of vitamin C deficiency?
Definition
Muscle weakness, cramps, sore/bleeding gums, degeneration of bone and connective tissue.
Term
What is the body deprived of without vitamin C?
Definition
Iron
Term
What is vitamin K neccessary for?
Definition
Blood clotting.
Term
Minerals are usually extracted from what source?
Definition
Plants extract minerals from the soil and human get it from the plants or the animals that eat plants.
Term
Whod do sodium and chloride maintain homeostasis of the body?
Definition
They maintain the electrolyte balance and regulate pH levels throughout the body.
Term
Where is the concentration of potassium found?
Definition
Inside the cells.
Term
What is a primary concern when administering potassium intravenously, and how can it be prevented?
Definition
Pain and phlebitis may occur at the site. Potassium should always be run at a slow rate mixing the potassium in another solution thruroughly before the bag is hung.
Term
What triggers the body's need for calcium and what elements are necessary for adequate absorbtion of it?
Definition
The body's need determines the rate of absorbtion. Vitamins C and D, and protein promote calcium absorbtion.
Term
What are some side affects of iron supplements?
Definition
Black stools, constipation or diarrhea, and nausea/vomitting.
Term
What is a catalyst?
Definition
A particular molecule that can chanve the rate of a chemical reaction by lowering required activation energy.
Term
What are substances that release ions in water?
Definition
Electrolytes
Term
What is alkalosis?
Definition
A blood pH level of 7.5-7.8
Term
What are the functions of water in the body?
Definition
Transportation fo chemicals, and it functions as a major component of several body fluids.
Term
What is the most common lipid?
Definition
Fat
Term
What are the building blocks of proteins?
Definition
Amino Acids
Term
What is the average body's normal temperature?
Definition
98.6
Term
What controls the functions to maintain body temperature?
Definition
The hypothalamus
Term
What is the body's attempt to fight infection by inducing a hyperthermic state?
Definition
Fever
Term
What type of exercise involves taking in less oxygen then the body needs?
Definition
Anaerobic
Term
What is the purpose of ROM exercises?
Definition
Maintain muscle strength and endurance, as well as to maintain cardiorespiratory status in a patient who is immobilized.
Term
Which cell is the first line of defense to fight infection?
Definition
White blood cells.
Term
What is the difference between granulocytes and agranulocytes?
Definition
Granulocytes have granules in their cytoplasm.
Term
What are some characteristics of agranulocytes?
Definition
Include monocytes and lymphocytes, and have extend life spans from weeks to years.
Term
Whar are some characteristics of Granulocytes?
Definition
Includes eosinophils, nuetrophils and basophils. Have a short life span of about 12 hours
Term
What does it mean to phagocyte?
Definition
To engulf
Term
Which Leukocytes are the most active phagocytes?
Definition
Nuetrophils and monocytes.
Term
What lymphocyte is responsible for producing cytokine and what is it used for?
Definition
T lymphocytes produce cytokine, which is a protein necessary for proper cell reproduction and division and is directly linked to the immune system response.
Term
What does the cervical lymph node do?
Definition
drains the skin ao0f the scalp, face and the tissue of the nasal cavity and pharynx.
Term
Which lymph node drains the upper limbs, thoraci wall, mammary glands, and upper wall of the abdomen?
Definition
Axillary Node
Term
Which node recieves lymph from the lower limbs, exeternal genitalia, and lower abdominal wall?
Definition
Inguinal node
Term
What does the pelvic cavity node do?
Definition
Recieves lymph from the pelvic viscera.
Term
Which node recieves lymph from the abdominal viscera?
Definition
Abdominal cavity node
Term
What does the thoracic cavity node do?
Definition
Recieves lymph from the internal wall of the thorax and the thoracic viscera.
Term
Hypersensitivity reaction is also know as what?
Definition
Allergic reaction
Term
Which organ is consedered the primary central gland of the lymphatic system?
Definition
Thymus
Term
Wyat type of wound closure involves suturing of surgical incisions where the egdges are easily approxiamted?
Definition
Primary wound closure.
Term
What is secondary wound closure?
Definition
Wound tissue is allowed to granulate and heal.
Term
What is tertiary wound closure?
Definition
The wound is allowed to granulate and then the edges are approximated and sutured.
Term
What are three important things you should keep in mind when coversing with a pt in regard to personal concerns?
Definition
Be a good Listener.
Don't give advice.
Refer pt to their provider.
Term
What are some of the feelings a pt might experience in response to illness or injury?
Definition
Shock, depression, guilt, anxitety and fear, PTSD
Term
What are signs of PTSD?
Definition
Recurrent intrusive memories of the event, reliving the event, dreams, feelings of being wounded again
Term
At what blood alcohol level is a person usually considered to be intoxicated?
Definition
Anythijng greater then 100 mg/dL
Term
Intoxication dramatically affects the central nervous system. What signs make this evident?
Definition
Slurred speach, impaired coordination/senses, behavioral changes
Term
What are the four main categories of drugs often abused?
Definition
Narcodics, sedatives, stimulants, hallucinogens
Term
Explain the funciton of local poison control centers...
Definition
Provide up-to-date info and guidance on treatments of poison victims
Term
Which basic human need category is rest included in?
Definition
Physiological
Term
What substance is necessary for hemoglobin synthesis?
Definition
Iron
Term
What two actions are included in the physiological need of rest?
Definition
Being Pain Free, and Rest
Term
What reflex is displayed when an infant reacts to sudden noise or movement be extending and retracting the arms and legs?
Definition
Moro Reflex
Term
A toddler is expected to weigh 4x the birth weight at what age?
Definition
24 months
Term
What substance does the body need in order to absorb vitamin B12?
Definition
Intrinsic Factor
Term
B12 deficiency is first noted by what?
Definition
Pernicious anemia
Term
Vitamin B6 in food is lost through what process?
Definition
Freezing
Term
Large doeses of Vitamin C cause all of the following except:
heartburn, cramps, kidney stones, constipation?
Definition
constipation
Term
What does vitamin D not interact with?
Definition
Calcium
Term
A primary sign of a vitamin E overdose is readily seen thorugh what disease process?
Definition
Increased clotting times
Term
Vitamin K is used to treat what specific ailments?
Definition
Ulcerative colitis, malabsorption syndroms, prolonged use of salicylates.
Term
Vitamin C is fat soluble. True or Fals?
Definition
False
Term
Signs of sodium chloride defficiency can be seen through excessive amounts of what?
Definition
Fluid loss
Term
How is half normal saline represented?
Definition
4.5 % NS
Term
Iron supplements should not be taken with what?
Definition
Tea milk or coffe
Term
What conditions would require special caution when administering potassium?
Definition
Gastric ulcers, cardiac disease, renal impairment
Term
When larger molecules are constructed from smaller molecules, this is known as what?
Definition
anabolism
Term
Cellular metabolism is controlled by a specific kind of what?
Definition
enzyme
Term
What is a sign of excessive amounts of fats being metabolized?
Definition
Acetone in the breath or urine
Term
What are nuetrophils known as?
Definition
polymorphonuclear leukocytes
Term
The life span of lymphocytes is measure in...
Definition
Yrs
Term
What cells do lymph nodes contain in a large number to fight microorganisms?
Definition
Lymphocytes and macrophages
Term
What are the 8 signs of hypovolemia
Definition
Poor skin turgor, dry mucosa membranes, oliguria, rapid weak pulse, orthostatic hypotension, low central venous pressure, concentrated urine
Term
What are the 4 disease processes mentioned in the text that can cause a fluid volume excess?
Definition
Congestive heart failure, renal failure, cirrhosis, and cushing's syndrome
Term
What are symptoms associated with a sodium deficit?
Definition
Confusion, weakness, hyperthermia, tachycardia, muscle twitching, and cramps
Term
What are the signs and sypmtoms associated with sodium excess?
Definition
Similare to dehydration...thirst, dry mucus membranes, oliguria, hyperthermia, dry tongue, lethargy
Term
What electrolyte deficit and excess can cause dysrhythmias leading to cardiac or respiratory arrest?
Definition
Potassium
Term
Which electrolyte in excess amounts can cause fractures?
Definition
Calcium
Term
what does the symbol pH refer to?
Definition
percentage of Hydrogen ions in a solution
Term
What ist he nrmal plasma pH?
Definition
7.34-7.45
Term
If a solution has a high pH is it acidic or alkaline?
Definition
Alkaline
Term
What type of acid-base imbalance occurs in the metabolism of food or fluids and is usually associated with insulin deficiency?
Definition
Metabolic acidosis
Term
Excesssive gastric suctioning that removes too much hydrochloric acid can result in what type of acid-base balance?
Definition
Metabolic alkalosis
Term
An increase in carbonic acid in the body fluids associated with dificulty breathihg an result in what type of acid-base imbalance?
Definition
Respiratory acidosis
Term
What type of acid-base imbalance is associated with a patient hyperventilating?
Definition
respiratory alkalosis
Term
What type of factors determine the typ e of intravenous solution used?
Definition
Pt condition, fluid electrolyte balance, and purpose for the IV
Term
What is tonicity?
Definition
The relative concentration of a substance in fluid when compared to the concentration of the substance in RBC's.
Term
What type of patients should recieve pareteral hyperalimentation?
Definition
Pt's with gastrointestinal disorders
Term
Why are hyperalimentation solutions adminstered through central veins?
Definition
Because they may damage or irritate smaler veins
Term
What condition should be treated with blood volume expanders?
Definition
Hemorrhagic shock
Term
What basic equipmetn is needed to initiate and IV?
Definition
solution container, administration kit, and a needle
Term
how highshould the iv container be positioned?
Definition
between 2 and 3 feet above the pt
Term
What prevents the mixing of primary and secondary infusions when a piggyback seup is used?
Definition
backcheck valve in the assembly
Term
What are the basic components of an administration set?
Definition
spike, drip chamber, tubing, clamp, vent port, medication port, secondary port, needle adapter
Term
What are the 3 basic types of needles?
Definition
Wing-tipped, over-the-needle catheters, and inside-the-needle catheters
Term
What type of needle is commonly used to initiate an IV in the scalp of an infant?
Definition
wing-tipped needle
Term
What type of needle is most commonly used when the possibility of extravasation is present?
Definition
Inside the needle catheter
Term
When would a volumetric pump be used?
Definition
For arterial or central vein infusions, if the pt has multiple IV's or of there is a danger of the pt rolling and occluding the line.
Term
When are variable presssure volumetric pumps used?
Definition
when pt's require critical volumes ore medications
Term
How do you prime the administration set?
Definition
Allow a small amount of solution to run through the tubing to eliminate air bubbles.
Term
What information should be included on the medication lable placed on the side of the bottle/bag?
Definition
Start time, stop time, and hourly intervals
Term
Where are medications usually added to the IV container?
Definition
In the pharmacy or nursing unit
Term
What should you do if there are visitors present when you go to start an IV?
Definition
Ask them to step out of the room till the IV is in place.
Term
What factors should you consider when selecting an IV injection site?
Definition
Age and condition of the pt, condition of the veins, solution to be administered, infusion rate, durations of IV therapy, and type of equipment used
Term
Why is it sometimes difficult to initiate an IV on elderly pt?
Definition
Their veins collapse when puntured
Term
Where should you start an IV is it will be in place for a long time?
Definition
The most distal vein possible to preserve other veins for use
Term
what three veins are preferred for IV sites in the hand and arm?
Definition
Metacarpal, cephalic, and basilic veins
Term
What should you do before you begin actual contact procedures with the pt?
Definition
don gloves
Term
How tight should you make the touniquet?
Definition
Tight enough to obstruct venous flow but not arterial flow.
Term
Where should you insert the needle in relation to the vein you are trying to penetrate?
Definition
1/2 inch below the planned entry site into the vein.
Term
What precaution should you take when applying tape to a dressing?
Definition
Do not wrap tape all the way around the extremity.
Term
What factors determine whether you should immobilize and IV?
Definition
Precarious position, near a joint, or if the pt is fairly active.
Term
What info should be documented after the IV is initiated?
Definition
Date and time of insertion, location of IV, type and size of needle, type of solution, infusion rate, and special equipment.
Term
What are the indications of a circulatory overload?
Definition
cyanosis, coughing, bloody sputum, dyspnea, neck vein distention, weight gain, weak rapid pulse, and shallow respirations
Term
What are the complications associated with IV therapy itself?
Definition
Alterations of rates, infiltration, phlebitis, infection, and embolisms.
Term
What are the complications associated with IV therapy itself?
Definition
Alterations of rates, infiltration, phlebitis, infection, and embolisms.
Term
Why should you not try to catch up if an infusion is behind?
Definition
It can cause circulatory system overload.
Term
What causes infiltrations?
Definition
The needle becoming dislodged or penetrating the vein and solution flowing into the tissues.
Term
What condition may complicate phlebitis?
Definition
formation of clots along the vein
Term
What causes embolisms?
Definition
air bubbles, pieces of needles broken off, blood clots
Term
What is the normal rate for a KVO IV?
Definition
between 10-50cc/hour not to exceed 500 cc total
Term
What type of pulmonary disorder is frequently discovered through collecting sputum cultures?
Definition
Tuberculosis
Term
What special test is used to detect occult blood in the urine?
Definition
Hematest
Term
If you find calculi (stones) when straining urine, what should you do?
Definition
save it, place it ina sterile cup, apply correct labeling, notify the nurse and send it to lab
Term
What is the average specific gravity of urine?
Definition
1.005-1.025
Term
What is the average specific gravity of urine?
Definition
1.005-1.025
Term
Stool samples are obtained for what reasons?
Definition
blood occult, paracites, fat, and other abnormalities
Term
Define biopsies.
Definition
Removal and examination of tissues.
Term
What equipment is needed to perform a venipuncture?
Definition
needle, syringe, antiseptic, gauze, test tubes, touniquet, gloves
Term
what is the purpose of a touniquet when performing a venipuncture?
Definition
it will distend the veins making it possible to visualize them
Term
When performing a venipunture how is the needle inserted?
Definition
bevel up a a 45 degree angle
Term
How long is pressure maintained over a venipuncture site?
Definition
2-3 minutes
Term
When performing a skin puncture why is the first drop of blood wiped away?
Definition
It's contaminated with disinfectant or epithelial cells and you'll get a false reading
Term
What is the perpose of a glucose meter?
Definition
Find a blood glucose level
Term
What acid-base imbalace is likey to occur when a pt has excessive vomiting, excessive suctioning or ingested too many antacids?
Definition
Metabolic alkalosis
Term
To avoid infections, you should change a pt's hyperalimentation solution bag and tubing daily and not allow the container to hang longer then how many hours?
Definition
8
Term
What is the range of IV bag sizes in CC's?
Definition
100-2000cc
Term
If the pt exhibits only a mild reaction to an infusion what should you do?
Definition
Slot the infusion
Term
What step should you take before opperating a glucose meter?
Definition
Read the operating instructions
Term
The normal fasting blood glucose level in mg/dL is what?
Definition
70-115
Term
How much fecal material should you collect to send to lab for a stool sample?
Definition
2 tablespoons
Term
What format is used to documetn an interview witha pt?
Definition
SOAPP
Term
How is the objective determined in SOAPP?
Definition
physical examinations and diagnostic tests
Term
What is the purpose of a pysical examination?
Definition
to determine overall health status of the pt and educated them on healthy practices
Term
What position should the pt be in for a pelvic exam?
Definition
Lithotomy
Term
What is an endoscopic examination?
Definition
A look at your insides with the aid of a scope camera
Term
Expalin how to prepare aa pt for a sigmoidoscopy.
Definition
pt is given a cathartic or enema or both the night before the procedure
Term
Why do pt's undergoing a colonoscopy normally require sedatives?
Definition
The endoscope is inserted farther into the colon than most pt's would be able to tolerate without sedatives
Term
What are some examples of specific clinics or treatments that may used care extender protocols?
Definition
ER's, f/u appointments, suturing, wart removal, throat cultures, PFB clinics
Term
What is speudofolliculitis barbae?
Definition
PFB is an inflammatory condition around facial hair follicles after shaving. (Shaving bumps)
Term
What is your responsibility in the PFB clinic?
Definition
Pt education
Term
To whom must the medical provider recommend the pt be permitted to grow facial hair up to 1/4 inch long?
Definition
Commanders
Term
In what phase of PFB program is medical assistance no longer needed?
Definition
Phase III
Term
Why is a clean-shaven face important to continued worldwide duty?
Definition
to be able to wear protective equipment without comlication
Term
What are the three steps to proper shaving technique taught to the PFB pt?
Definition
preparation, shave, finish
Term
What viurs is repsonsible for most warts?
Definition
HPV
Term
What are 4 methods of treating warts?
Definition
paring down the veruccae, crycotherapy, curettage, and topical chemotherapy
Term
Where is the butttocks to knee measurement taken?
Definition
in a seated position from the tip of the knee to the farthest protrusion of the buttocks
Term
what should you inform the pt about before performing tympanometry?
Definition
Some noises may startle them. Remain calm as possible. Don't talk or swallow
Term
Explain visual field.
Definition
the part of space that can be seen when the head and eyes remain motionless
Term
What are the reasons for visual field testing?
Definition
detect abnormalities not found in routine acuity tests. monitor changes in pt visual status
Term
How many degrees out from the visual axis is consider the central field?
Definition
30 degrees
Term
What are the most comon visual field defects?
Definition
Depressions, or relative scotomas
Term
Before you can begin testing on the OVT, what three questions must you ask?
Definition
Do you wear glasses?
Do you wear contact lenses?
Do you have or have you had eye problems?
Term
WHat must you do if you suspect the examinee has memorized the test plates of the PIP?
Definition
Change the order and readminister the test
Term
What is the amsler grid used for?
Definition
Detects abnormalitie of the central 10 degrees of the visual field
Term
What is near point of convergence?
Definition
A binocular test that shows a pt's ablility to focus on an object as it is moved toward the face
Term
What are the 2 most useful purposes of the pulmonary function test?
Definition
Evaluating losses in respiratory function and following the disease process of certain respiratory diseases
Term
Which of the 4 respiratory capacities represents the total amount of exchangeable air?
Definition
Vital Capacity (VC)
Term
What is anatomical dead space?
Definition
The volume of air passageways that are involved with but do not directly contribute to air exchange
Term
Before administering the PFT what info ust you find out from the pt that may have an effect on the test?
Definition
If the pt has smoked or used an inhaler in the last hour, if the pt has eaten in the last 2 hours, or if the pt has had any respiratory disease or infection in the last 3 weeks
Term
Before administering the PFT what info ust you find out from the pt that may have an effect on the test?
Definition
If the pt has smoked or used an inhaler in the last hour, if the pt has eaten in the last 2 hours, or if the pt has had any respiratory disease or infection in the last 3 weeks
Term
How long must an examinee blw ito the PFT machine before tracing can be considered acceptable?
Definition
5 seconds or untill obvious plateau has been reached
Term
When using the appropriate comogram to determine predicted values, what 2 factors must be known?
Definition
height and age
Term
What must you do to the predicted FEV1 adn FVC values for non-caucasian examinees and why?
Definition
Multiply by .85 to adjust for lower predicted normals.
Term
What initiates electrical impulses in the heart?
Definition
The sinoatrial node
Term
How does the electrical impulse progress through the heart?
Definition
AV node sends impulse to the AV node which then travels down the bundle of his and into the purkinje fibers
Term
What are the 3 distinguishable waves of an ECG called?
Definition
Deflection waves
Term
Where in the heart are the purkinje fibers most complex and elaborate?
Definition
Left ventricle
Term
What does the qrs complex result from?
Definition
Ventrical depolarization (The AV node firing)
Term
What do you call an artificial product or features on the ecg?
Definition
Artifact
Term
What is an arrythmia?
Definition
any deviation from the normal electrical activity in the heart
Term
When applying limb leads on the fleshy portion of an extremity, where must you ensure the electrodes do not lie?
Definition
Directly on a bone
Term
I what positions should the pt be ppaced while takin orthostatic vital signs?
Definition
Lying, sitting, standing
Term
What are two possible treatments for postural/orthostatic hypotension?
Definition
IV therapy, blood transfusion
Term
What does a pulse ox measure?
Definition
arterial hemoglobin saturation
Term
When should you report a pulze ox reading immediately?
Definition
when it is below 97%
Term
Peak expiratory flow maesurement is referred to as what?
Definition
Expiratory reserve volume
Term
A neurologic check is performed at regular intervals on pt's who may have what condition?
Definition
A head injury or other neurological problem
Term
What are the 6 steps taken before performing any procedure?
Definition
Verify phycisicians orders, identify pt, explain procedure, get necessary supplies, use BSI, provide privacy
Term
What are the pre-procedures of a med tech?
Definition
don gown, take vitals, clean site, prepare equipment, position pt
Term
What kind of knife is the most common in minor surgeries?
Definition
knives with detachable blades
Term
What are the resepective purposes of hemostats and rake retractors?
Definition
hemostats clamp and occlude, retractors expose and retract tissues
Term
What are med tech duties when a tissue sample is taken and must be processed by pathology?
Definition
Properly label the specimens, document in ahlta and take to lab
Term
What should you do if ther is foreign material in a wound you are cleaning?
Definition
Flush out all material possible but do not pick out embedded debri
Term
When and why would adhesive skin closures be used?
Definition
when skin is easily approximated with little tension, to support sutures in deeper tissue, to support skin tissue after suture removal, to support skin grafts, or for cosmetic reasons
Term
What are the general categories of suture material
Definition
Natural vs synthetic, absorbable vs non-absorbable
Term
How is suture size determined?
Definition
the smaller the number (0-7) the larger the suture's diameter
Term
What are the 3 types of anesthetic agents?
Definition
topical anesthetics, local infiltration, digital blocks
Term
On what areas of the body would you refrain from using Lidocaine with Epi?
Definition
digits, nose, penis, ears, most skin flaps
Term
What can happen if staples or sutures are left in place too long?
Definition
Scarring and infection
Term
A proctoscopy is an inspection of what?
Definition
the rectum
Term
What position should a patient be placed in for a sigmoidoscopy?
Definition
sims
Term
What should you advise against for a pt with PFB, in regards to shaving technique?
Definition
shaving in the opposite direction of hair growth, with the facial skin stretched, with slow strokes
Term
How do you determine visual field?
Definition
measure degrees away from center focus
Term
When asking the pt if he or she wears glasses, contact lenses or if he or she has ever had eye problems, the pt's responses will determine what?
Definition
Sequence of test performance
Term
How far from the test plate must a pt be setting for the pseudoisochromatic plate set test?
Definition
30 inches
Term
When peforming a pulmonary test on a pt, according to AF standards, abnormal functions are present if the predicted forec expiratyr volume at 1 second or forced vital capacity percentage is less than?
Definition
80%
Term
If you are performing an ECG an any rated personel, a copy of that ECG must be sent to whom?
Definition
USAF central ECG library
Term
What is the correct sequence of positions and intervals for orthostatic vital signs?
Definition
lying sitting standing, 3 min intervals
Term
When can a minor surgery procedure begin?
Definition
When the consent form has been signed
Term
As a minimum , how often should the crash ambulance be checked?
Definition
Daily
Term
How much vacuum must suction units provide when the tube is clamped?
Definition
300 mmHG
Term
Hwy should ventilation masks be transparent?
Definition
to assist in assessing respirations and easily see vomitting if it occurs
Term
What types of litter should be carried in an ambulance?
Definition
Wheeled, folding, and collapsable device litters
Term
Why should equipment and supplies be checked out daily?
Definition
to ensure you are providing the best possible care
Term
What equipment or areas commonly have a daily checklist?
Definition
Treatment rooms, crash carts, and iv trays
Term
What items in IV trays or carts require expiration date checks?
Definition
fluids, needles, blood tubing, bandages, and antiseptic wipes
Term
Where should fluids always be stored in a treatment room?
Definition
on the lowest possible shelf to protect other items in case of leaking
Term
How should equipment and supplies be stored in the ambulance?
Definition
according to relative importance and frequency of use.
Term
What is the responsibility of the dispatcher?
Definition
Recieve and process calls, give instruction to pt's/first responders, and dispatch ems teams
Term
What is a code 3 response
Definition
response with lights and sirens....HOT
Term
What type of info is considered inappropriate for transmission over the radio?
Definition
Names and privacy act information
Term
If you are driving your ambulance and you notice that you are hydroplaning, what should you do?
Definition
gradually slow down. Don't slam on the brakes
Term
What is the maximum speed limity on the flight line away from the aircraft?
Definition
15 mph
Term
What is the maximum flight line speed limit near the aircraft?
Definition
5 mph
Term
Durin what phase of an ambulance call do you accomplish an initial scene size-up?
Definition
Arrival
Term
What is the minimum number of straps useed to secure a pt to a litter or stretcher?
Definition
2
Term
Whe should the CISD occur?
Definition
as soon as possible following the incident
Term
WHo is responsible for completing the info in the ambulance log?
Definition
the driver
Term
What type of info do you gather on scene sizeup?
Definition
Mechanism of injury, number of pts, need for additional help/recources
Term
How far out from the accident scene does the danger zone extend whe there are no apparent hazards?
Definition
50 ft
Term
How far out form the accident scene does the danger zone extend when there is a vehicle fire?
Definition
100 ft
Term
What are the 6 parts to an innitial assessment?
Definition
general impression, LOC, airway, breathing, circulation
Term
What do you do if a pt is unconcious and his breathing is absent or under 8 per minute?
Definition
administer high flow oxygen via bvm
Term
What is the most common cause of airway obstructions in a CONCIOUS pt?
Definition
Food particles
Term
What are some situations in which immediat transport is needed?
Definition
Poor general impression, dyspnea, shock, complicated child birth, severe pain, chest pain w/ systolic bp less then 100
Term
What is your first consideration with a trauma pt?
Definition
Mechanism of injury
Term
What are some indications of internal bleeding?
Definition
Distended and rigid abdomen
Term
If you determine that your pt is a medical pt what should your next considerations be?
Definition
if the pt is concious or uncocious
Term
If your concious medical pt is complaining of pain, what would you need to ask them when gathering a history?
Definition
Onset, provocation, quality, radiation, severity, time, interventions
Term
What is considered a safe zone when dealing with hazardous material?
Definition
on the same level and upwind of the substance
Term
What are the three steps used to disentangle pt's from a wrecked car?
Definition
remove roof, remove door, remove front of car
Term
What is done by the first EMT to reach the pt?
Definition
inline cervical stabilization
Term
When using the KED, when is the head secured?
Definition
Last
Term
What is a disadvantage of the scoop stretcher?
Definition
IT pinches the pt's sides together compromising spinal stabilization
Term
What cautions should the EMT take when loading or unloading a pt?
Definition
provede as much safety as possible. Use two people to load.
Term
When exposing the pt's pupels to light, what could it indicate if the pupils remain dilated?
Definition
brain injury, stroke, hypoxia
Term
What are 3 simple papillary tests?
Definition
Direct, consensual, accomodative
Term
What is a sprain?
Definition
injury to ligaments and joints
Term
Because you cannot diagnose a fracture, who do you refier to the possibility of one in the field?
Definition
PSD, painful swollen deformity
Term
What are signs/ of PSD?
Definition
Swelling, pain, eccymosis, crepitus, exposed bone, false motion
Term
Under what circumstances would you remove a pt's contact lenses in the field?
Definition
if the pt has a chemical in the eye remove the contacts
Term
What is the treatment for chemical burns to the eyes?
Definition
irrigation, NS 20 min
Term
What is normally the purpose for performing an ear irrigation?
Definition
Exessive cerumen
Term
What types of cardiac pacemakers will you be most likely to assist with?
Definition
temporary external pulse generator, transcutaneous
Term
What is the difference between anterior/anterior and anterior/posterior placement?
Definition
ante/ante= for av node problems. V6 and under right clavicle
Ante/poste= for sa node problems, v1-v3 and left of spine
Term
What should you used to lubricate a ptL or ETC?
Definition
water soluble or pt's spit. Do not used pertroleum or cilicone based (poss. lung damage)
Term
What are three methods to treat a subungual hematoma?
Definition
Cauterize, paperclip, needle
Term
What special precaution must be take after using the cautery method to treat a subungual hematoma and why?
Definition
take the batteries out before discarding the cauerizer....it's a fire hazard
Term
In the air force you can use lights and sirens when....?
Definition
local protocols allow it
Term
When is a rapid trauma assesment performed?
Definition
when a pt has a significat mechanism of inury
Term
In what anatomical location is the pacemaker lead inserted when using a temporary external pulse generator system?
Definition
Right atrium
Term
WHen setting up a cardiac monitor, the legal document you should pay particular attention to is what?
Definition
the electrocardiogram tracing date and time
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