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CCNA Networking Fundamentals
Networking Fundamentals
131
Computer Networking
Undergraduate 2
12/09/2013

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Cards

Term
What is the last valid host on the subnetwork 172.26.232.0/22 ?
Definition
172.26.235.254
Term
What is the first valid host on the subnetwork that the node 172.26.41.179/26 belongs to ?
Definition
172.26.41.129
Term
List the three possible physical media that networks can operate on.
Definition
Copper, Wireless, Fiber
Term
Define Segmentation
Definition
Segmentation is the process of breaking down large pieces of data in to smaller pieces that can be sent over the network.
Term
List one major benefit of segmenting data.
Definition
Multiplexing - multiple chunks of data can be sent simultaneously.

Error Control - breaking down the job allows the process to happen in a more controlled way.
Term
Segmentation occurs at which OSI layer
Definition
OSI Layer 4 - Transport
Term
The TCP/IP Layer "Application" corresponds to which layer(s) of the OSI model?
Definition
Application, Presentation, and Session.
Term
The TCP/IP Layer "Transport" corresponds to which layer(s) of the OSI model?
Definition
Transport
Term
The TCP/IP Layer "Internet" corresponds to which layer(s) of the OSI model?
Definition
Network
Term
The TCP/IP Layer "Network Access" corresponds to which layer(s) of the OSI model?
Definition
Data Link, Physical
Term
The OSI layer "Physical" corresponds to which layer of the TCP/IP model?
Definition
Network Access
Term
The OSI layer "Data Link" corresponds to which layer of the TCP/IP model?
Definition
Network Access
Term
The OSI layer "Network" corresponds to which layer of the TCP/IP model?
Definition
Internet
Term
The OSI layer "Transport" corresponds to which layer of the TCP/IP model?
Definition
Transport
Term
The OSI layer "Session" corresponds to which layer of the TCP/IP model?
Definition
Application
Term
The OSI layer "Presentation" corresponds to which layer of the TCP/IP model?
Definition
Application
Term
The OSI layer "Application" corresponds to which layer of the TCP/IP model?
Definition
Application
Term
The name of the PDU occuring at Layer 4 of the OSI model is _____________
Definition
The Transport Layer PDU is called a Segment.
Term
The name of the PDU occuring at Layer 7 of the OSI model is _____________
Definition
The Application Layer PDU is simply "data".
Term
The name of the PDU occuring at Layer 1 of the OSI model is _____________
Definition
The Physical Layer PDU is simply "bits".
Term
The name of the PDU occuring at Layer 2 of the OSI model is __________.
Definition
The Data Link Layer PDU is called a "frame".
Term
The name of the PDU occuring at Layer 3 of the OSI model is _______________.
Definition
The Network Layer PDU is called a packet.
Term
The name of the PDU occuring at the Network Layer of the OSI model is called a ___________.
Definition
Segment.
Term
The most information added to a PDU at Layer 1 is _____________.
Definition
Timing is added to the bits at the physical layer.
Term
The most information added to a PDU at Layer 2 is _____________.
Definition
destination and source physical address (MAC)
Term
The most important information added to a PDU at Layer 3 is __________.
Definition
destination and source IP's.
Term
The most important information added to the PDU at Layer 4 is ___________.
Definition
Port addresses.
Term
The information added to a PDU at the transport layer enables the receiver of the packet to _____________.
Definition
Deliver the packet to the appropriate application.
Term
LAYER, FUNCTION, PORT, TRANSPORT TYPE:
Identify the layer and describe the function, transport protocol, and port of the following protocol:

DNS
Definition
Application Layer, UDP, Port 53, Resolves IP from a user-friendly name (example.com)
Term
LAYER, FUNCTION, PORT, TRANSPORT TYPE:
Identify the layer and describe the function, transport protocol, and port of the following protocol:

SSH
Definition
Application Layer, TCP, Port 22, remote access and secure shell
Term
LAYER, FUNCTION, PORT, TRANSPORT TYPE:
Identify the layer and describe the function, transport protocol, and port of the following protocol:

HTTP
Definition
Application Layer, TCP, Port 80, internet
Term
LAYER, FUNCTION, PORT, TRANSPORT TYPE:
Identify the layer and describe the function, transport protocol, and port of the following protocol:

DHCP
Definition
Application Layer, UDP, Port 67, dynamic ip addressing
Term
LAYER, FUNCTION, PORT, TRANSPORT TYPE:
Identify the layer and describe the function, transport protocol, and port of the following protocol:

SMTP
Definition
Application Layer, TCP, Port 25, mail (sending)
Term
LAYER, FUNCTION, PORT, TRANSPORT TYPE:
Identify the layer and describe the function, transport protocol, and port of the following protocol:

Telnet
Definition
Application Layer, TCP, Port 23, remote access and shell
Term
LAYER, FUNCTION, PORT, TRANSPORT TYPE:
Identify the layer and describe the function, transport protocol, and port of the following protocol:

FTP
Definition
Application Layer, TCP, Port 21, file transfer
Term
LAYER, FUNCTION, PORT, TRANSPORT TYPE:
Identify the layer and describe the function, transport protocol, and port of the following protocol:

SMB
Definition
Application Layer, TCP, Port 445, printer and file access
Term
What are the 3 main purposes of the Transport Layer?
Definition
-Segmentation
-Multiplexing
-Error Checking
Term
DEFINE

Connection Oriented
Definition
An exchange occurs after client and server establish a session, and only ends when both agree to end it.
Term
DEFINE

Reliable Delivery
Definition
In the transport layer, if packets are lost (not acknowledged), transport protocols like TCP ensure servers resend.
Term
IDENTIFY

the Layer 4 protocol that allows 'ordered data reconstruction'.
Definition
TCP
Term
IDENTIFY

the Layer 4 protocol that allows flow control.
Definition
TCP
Term
IDENTIFY

the Layer 4 protocol that has low overhead.
Definition
UDP
Term
IDENTIFY

the fastest Layer 4 protocol.
Definition
UDP
Term
IDENTIFY

the most reliable Layer 4 protocol.
Definition
TCP
Term
TRUE/FALSE

Client A receives packets over TCP and the last packet had a sequence number of 3000. Client A will send an acknowledgement with a sequence number of 3000.
Definition
False. "Next Expected" means the acknowledgement will have a seq. of 3001.
Term
TRUE/FALSE

The TCP header size is 8 bytes, and the UDP header size is 20 bytes.
Definition
False. TCP = 20 bytes, UDP = 8 bytes.
Term
TRUE/FALSE

Well known ports occur between 0 - 1023.
Definition
True. Well known ports 0-1023. Registered ports 1024-49151.
Term
DESCRIBE

Client A wishes to establish a TCP session with Server B. List the order in which the syn and acks will occur.
Definition
1. A sends SYN.
2. B receives SYN, sends SYN ACK.
3. A receives SYN ACK, sends ACK.
Term
DESCRIBE

Client A wishes to teardown an existing TCP session with Server B. List the order in which the fin and acks will occur.
Definition
1. A sends FIN
2. B receives FIN and sends ACK.
3. B sends FIN.
4. A receives FIN and sends ACK.
Term
DEFINE

TCP Windowing
Definition
TCP windowing employs the windowsize field and sequence # field to tell the client how often to send an acknowledgement.
Term
DESCRIBE

Server B has determined congestion is causing packet loss in its TCP connection with Client A. How can Server B use TCP windowing to reduce packet loss?
Definition
Server B can reduce window size, forcing Client A to send more acknowledgements more frequently, ensuring packet delivery.
Term
TRUE/FALSE

In a TCP session, Client A sends Server B an acknowledgement with a window size of 0. Client A is telling Server B that the transmission is complete.
Definition
False. A TCP acknowledgement with a window size of 0 is a CHOKE PACKET, which means "I cant handle this right now, stop sending packets."
Term
TRUE/FALSE

The dominant Layer 3 protocol in use all over the world is IPV6.
Definition
False, IPV4.
Term
CALCULATE

What is the last valid host on the subnetwork 192.168.102.200/29?
Definition
192.168.102.206
Term
CALCULATE

Which subnet does host 172.18.134.229 255.255.255.192 belong to?
Definition
172.18.134.192
Term
CALCULATE

What valid host range is the IP address 172.23.165.30 255.255.248.0 a part of?
Definition
172.23.160.1 through to 172.23.167.254
Term
CALCULATE

What valid host range is the IP address 172.31.32.98/28 a part of?
Definition
172.31.32.97 through to 172.31.32.110
Term
TRUE/FALSE

Layer 3 is tasked with providing an address scheme to identify hosts and networks.
Definition
True
Term
TRUE/FALSE

The Network layer is tasked with encapsulating a layer 5 segment in to a packet and include src/dst addresses
Definition
False. The network layer takes a layer 4 segment.
Term
TRUE/FALSE

The Layer 3 header is read at every network hop.
Definition
True. It is read to determine if the IP is in the routing table.
Term
TRUE/FALSE

The Layer 3 header is removed and a new one is put on at every router (every network hop).
Definition
False. The Network header is never removed, it is just read and modified (TTL decremented).
Term
TRUE/FALSE

IPv4 is connection-oriented
Definition
False

IPv4 is connectionless and unreliable.
Term
DESCRIBE

Describe the encapsulation process that data generated at the application layer experiences as it descends through the layers of the OSI model.
Definition
1. Data handed to Layer 4, where ports are added. It is now a segment.
2. Segment handed to Layer 3, where IP is added. It becomes a packet.
3. The packet is handed to Layer 2, where MACs are added. It is now a frame.
4. Bits///
Term
TRUE/FALSE

IPv4 is a "best effort" protocol.
Definition
True. No guaranteed delivery.
Term
IDENTIFY

The amount of bytes in the Layer 3 header.
Definition
Network layer header is 24 bits.
Term
IDENTIFY

At least 3 fields in the Layer 3 header.
Definition
Options:
version,IHL, Type, Packet, Length, ID, flag, fragment offset, TTL, protocol, header checksum, src addr., dst addr., options, padding.
Term
TRUE/FALSE

A router is a Layer 2 device.
Definition
False. A router is a layer 3 device.
Term
TRUE/FALSE

A router is a network layer device.
Definition
True.
Term
TRUE/FALSE

A router is the delimiter of a broadcast domain.
Definition
True
Term
ANALYZE

A network tech seeks to limit the amount of broadcasts taking up bandwidth on his network. What device/activity should he/she do to reduce these?
Definition
Add routers/ subnet.
Term
TRUE/FALSE

A switch is the delimiter for a broadcast domain.
Definition
False. Switches delimit collision domains.
Term
IDENTIFY

The device that delimits a hop.
Definition
Router.
Term
ANALYZE

A network tech is entering static IPs on to hosts in a network. He/she enters the broadcast address of the network as the default gateway. Was this appropriate? Would it work?
Definition
No. The broadcast address and the default gateway are not the same.
Term
CALCULATE

What valid host range is the IP address 192.168.75.166/26 a part of?
Definition
192.168.75.129 through to 192.168.75.190
Term
CALCULATE

You are designing a subnet mask for the 192.168.177.0 network. You want 26 subnets with up to 5 hosts on each subnet. What subnet mask should you use?
Definition
255.255.255.248
Term
ANALYZE

A router determines a received packet is to be delivered to a device inside its broadcast domain. What will the router do to the Layer 3 header of this packet?
Definition
The message is decapsulated and sent to layer 2 for MAC-based delivery.
Term
ANALYZE

A router determines a received packet is to be delivered to a directly connected device. What will the router do to the Layer 3 header of this packet?
Definition
The message is decapsulated and sent to the appropriate interface for MAC-based delivery.
Term
TRUE/FALSE

Every router on a packet's route will decapsulate the packet's layer 3 header.
Definition
False. The layer 3 header (IP) is only removed once it reaches the gateway of the destination network.
Term
IDENTIFY

The action a router will take if a PDU contains an IP that is a) not in its routing table AND b) no next hop exists AND c) a default route exists
Definition
Packet will be sent to the default route
Term
IDENTIFY

The action a router will take if a PDU contains an IP that is a) not in its routing table AND b) no next hop exists AND c) a default route does not exist
Definition
Packet will be dropped
Term
IDENTIFY

The first step a router that is engaged in packet forwarding must take when a packet arrives.
Definition
Packets arrive at routers encapsulated in layer 2 frames. This frame must be taken off.
Term
IDENTIFY

The first THREE steps taken by a router that is engaged in packet forwarding when a packet arrives.
Definition
1. Take off Layer 2 frame
2. Check IP
3. Check the routing table
Term
IDENTIFY

The three possible outcomes a packet faces when it arrives at a router engaged in packet forwarding.
Definition
1. If packet is to be forwarded to a routing table entry it is wrapped in a layer 2 frame and sent to next hop

2. If no next hop exists in routing table the packet will be sent to default route after encapsulating the packet in a layer 2 frame.

3. Drop.
Term
TRUE/FALSE

Switches decrement a packet's TTL
Definition
False.
Term
TRUE/FALSE

Switches are a layer 3 device.
Definition
False. Switches are layer 2.
Term
DESCRIBE

Given an IP address in binary, what steps does one take to calculate the network address?
Definition
Set all host bits to 0
Term
DESCRIBE

Given a host address in binary and a subnet mask, what steps does one take to calculate the first usable host?
Definition
Set all host bits to 0, first host = network address + 1
Term
DESCRIBE

Given a host address in binary and a subnet mask, what steps does one take to calculate the last usable host?
Definition
Set all host bits to 1, last usable host = broadcast address -1
Term
DESCRIBE

Given a host address in binary and a subnet mask, what steps does oe take to calculate the broadcast address?
Definition
Set all host bits to 1.
Term
IDENTIFY

The formula that describes the possible number of hosts in a network given

h

where h = the number of host bits.
Definition
(2^h) - 2
Term
IDENTIFY

The number of possible subnets when given

b

where b = borrowed bits.
Definition
2^b
Term
CALCULATE

The subnet mask, in dotted decimal, for a /28 network?
Definition
255.255.255.240
Term
CALCULATE

The subnet mask, in dotted decimal, for a /30 network.
Definition
255.255.255.252
Term
CALCULATE

You are designing a subnet mask for the 172.18.0.0 network. You want 110 subnets with up to 300 hosts on each subnet. What subnet mask should you use?
Definition
255.255.254.0
Term
CALCULATE

What valid host range is the IP address 172.18.168.68/23 a part of?
Definition
172.18.168.1 through to 172.18.169.254
Term
IDENTIFY

What three layers of the OSI model make up the Application layer for the TCP/IP
model?
Definition
presentation, session, application
Term
IDENTIFY

What protocol is used to transfer web pages from server to client?
Definition
HTTP
Term
IDENTIFY

What application protocol is used to *send* email?
Definition
SMTP
Term
IDENTIFY FROM

(a) DHCP
(b) DNS
(c) ARP
(d) ICMP

Which is not triggered by the "ping" command?
Definition
A
Term
TRUE/FALSE

A router can have a default route.
Definition
TRUE.
Term
IDENTIFY

When does a router use a default route?
Definition
For packets of unknown networks (not in routing table)
Term
IDENTIFY

What entry will be added to a client’s ARP cache following a ping of a remote host
Definition
The client’s gateway MAC address
Term
IDENTIFY

What port does HTTP use on the client side?
Definition
any port from 1024 – 65534
Term
IDENTIFY

What port does DNS use on the server side?
Definition
53
Term
DESCRIBE

NAT
Definition
NAT allows hosts on a private network to borrow a public address for communication with outside networks. A neighborhood uses their postman to communicate with people in other neighborhoods/cities.
Term
IDENTIFY

The most widely used Layer 2 standard.
Definition
Ethernet
Term
IDENTIFY

The primary function of layer 2.
Definition
Delivery of messages connected to the same network segment.
Term
TRUE/FALSE

A hub is a layer 2 device.
Definition
False. A hub is a layer 1 device.
Term
IDENTIFY

The two key services of the data link layer.
Definition
1. Links the upper OSI layers to the physical media.

2. Controls the hardware at the physical layer, determines when a device can transmit on physical media.
Term
IDENTIFY

The to sublayers occuring within the data link layer.
Definition
1. Logical link control
2. Media access control
Term
IDENTIFY

The function of the logical link control sublayer of the data link layer.
Definition
Sets up the frame header and trailer to encapsulate the package. Identified the network layer protocol.
Term
IDENTIFY

The function of the Media Access Control sublayer of the Data Link layer.
Definition
Adds layer 2 addresses, marks frame start and end.
Term
DEFINE

As related to Layer 2, a logical topology.
Definition
A logical topology is a conceptual representation of how nodes access a common connection. [point to point, multiaccess, token ring]
Term
IDENTIFY

Three possible logical topologies as related to the data link layer.
Definition
Point to point, multiaccess, token ring
Term
ANALYZE

Some Layer 2 topologies attempt to limit media access to "one at a time". Why would a network designer be interested in controlling media access at layer 2?
Definition
COLLISIONS
Term
IDENTIFY

A media access model at layer 2 can take one of two forms. What are these forms?
Definition
1. Contention-based (collisions exist)
2. Controlled (high overhead, no coll.)
Term
DESCRIBE

Characteristics and advantages of a controlled media access model in Layer 2.
Definition
Characteristics: One speaks at a time, devices wishing to transmit must wait their turn, predictable, deterministic

Advantages: No collisions, predictable, deterministic
Term
DESCRIBE

Characteristics and advantages of a contention-based media access model in Layer 2.
Definition
Characteristics: collisions exist, collisions must be handled, low overhead, speedier

Advantages: low overhead, speedy.
Term
IDENTIFY

The layer 2 collision-resolution method used on ethernet media.
Definition
CSMA-CD

Carrier sense multiple access with collision detection
Term
IDENTIFY

The layer 2 collision-resolution method used on wireless media.
Definition
CSMA-CD

Carrier sense multiple access with collision avoidance
Term
TRUE/FALSE

In a full duplex point-to-point access model (layer 2) only one node may transmit at a time.
Definition
False. Full duplex = both can send and receive at the same time.
Term
TRUE/FALSE

In a half duplex point-to-point access model (layer 2) data can only travel in one direction at a time.
Definition
True.
Term
IDENTIFY

The 3 general overall elements that are inside of the layer 2 PDU.
Definition
1. Header
2. Data
3. Trailer
Term
DESCRIBE

The differences (Layer 2) between an Ethernet frame and a PPP frame.
Definition
PPP is like UDP --- low overhead, low control.

Ethernet is like TCP - more control, more overhead.
Term
TRUE/FALSE

The layer 2 protocol 802.11 requires every sent PDU to be acknowledged by the receiver.
Definition
True.
Term
TRUE/FALSE

A switch is the delimiter for a collision domain.
Definition
True.
Term
DESCRIBE

How a collision is handled in CSMA/CA.
Definition
[no answer]
Term
DESCRIBE

How a collision is handled in CSMA/CD.
Definition
[no answer]
Term
CALCULATE

Which subnet does host 172.19.42.137/28 belong to?
Definition
172.19.42.128
Term
CALCULATE

What is the first valid host on the subnetwork that the node 172.20.85.56/24 belongs to?
Definition
172.20.85.1
Term
DESCRIBE

A new computer with an empty ARP table wishes to send a packet to a computer inside its network. What steps will the computer take to accomplish this?
Definition
1. Check ARP table, find empty
2. Broadcast request for mac
3. Receive response from target (mac)
4. Store mac and transmit message
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