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CB Test 2
Cell Biology Test 2, Chapters 4-6
56
Biology
Undergraduate 3
10/13/2013

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Term
primer
Definition
short complementary sequence of template strand has hanging OH to add incoming nucleotide
Term
qualities of DNA
Definition
antiparallel
complementary
Term
A-site
Definition
aminoacyl-tRNA
any amino acid with tRNA
allows in new tRNA
Term
DNA helicase
Definition
opens up a double helix ahead of replication fork to allow DNA synthesis to proceed
requires ATP
Term
DNA ligase
Definition
joins continuous chain from many DNA fragments of lagging strand
Term
DNA primase
Definition
produces short RNA primers used to prime leading and lagging strand
Term
E-site
Definition
exit of tRNA
Term
P-site
Definition
peptidyl-tRNA
amino acid forms peptide bond
peptide bond
Term
RNA polymerase I
Definition
rRNA genes
Term
RNA polymerase II
Definition
all protein coding genes
Term
RNA polymerase III
Definition
tRNA genes; rRNA genes
Term
RNA polymerase holoenzyme
Definition
sigma factor + RNA polymerase
signal of where to begin transcription
Term
The reason why dNTP bonds 5' --> 3'
Definition
extra phosphates are energetically unstable
hydroxyl group at the end
Term
aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase
Definition
couples each amino acid to its corresponding tRNA molecule
Term
anticodon
Definition
3 nucleotides complementary to a codon in mRNA
Term
chromatin
Definition
DNA + histone + non histone protein
Term
codon
Definition
sequence of nucleotides in mRNA read in 3 consecutive ATGC's
Term
consensus sequence
Definition
common features of a promoter region or termination
Term
exo-nuclease
Definition
fixes tautomeric forms
Term
exon
Definition
coding sequence
Term
fidelity
Definition
faithful replication, mutation rate of 1 in 10x10^9
Term
histone protein
Definition
8 histone = 4 different histones bound by dimers
H2A, H2B, H3, H4
wraps around 147 nucleotides of DNA
separated by 80 nucleotides
Term
histone tail
Definition
allows for modification
Term
intron
Definition
noncoding sequence, the bulk of the genetic material
Term
lagging strand
Definition
synthesized discontinuously
Term
leading strand
Definition
daughter strand produced continuously
Term
methionine
Definition
carried by the start codon, always first amino acid
Term
okazaki fragments
Definition
short pieces of DNA [100-200 nucleotides long; on lagging strand, joined together after synthesis]
Term
polymerization
Definition
taking something small and making something bigger
Term
promoter region
Definition
specific sequence of ATGC's that holoenzyme binds to and indicates starting point of transcription
Term
pruine
Definition
2 ring structures
guanine, adenine
Term
pyrimidine
Definition
thymine, cytosine, uracil
Term
qualities of RNA
Definition
can fold in on itself
dictates function
can catalyze reactions
has two oxygens
Term
replication origin
Definition
location where duplication begins, there may be more than one
Term
ribozyme
Definition
RNA that has catalytic activity
Term
shine-delagarno sequence
Definition
ribosome binding site
Term
sigma factor
Definition
associates with RNA polymerase to help it locate start site of transcription
Term
single strand DNA binding protein [SSB]
Definition
stabilizes unwound single stranded DNA
Term
sliding clamp
Definition
keeps polymerase on DNA
Term
sliding ring
Definition
holds a moving DNA polymerase to the DNA
Term
start codon
Definition
AUG
Term
stop codon
Definition
UAA
UAG
UGA
Term
tautomeric forms
Definition
G --> T
C --> A
has no hydrogen bond
changes shape of helix
Term
telomerase
Definition
partly RNA and amino acids
can create its own primer
Term
termination sequence
Definition
where chain elongation stops
some termination may end by the help of a Rho protein
Term
topoisomerases
Definition
I: single strand break
II: double strand break
prevent DNA tangling during replication
Term
structure of ribosomes
Definition
one large subunit, one small subunit
Term
small subunit
Definition
framework for tRNA to match codon to mRNA
Term
large subunit
Definition
catalyzes peptide bonds of building polypeptide chains
Term
what are the steps for incorporating the first amino acid in eukaryotes
Definition
1. binds to small subunit at P-site
2. small subunit binds 5' cap
3. moves down stream till AUG is found
4. P-site is bound and is ready for incoming amino acids in the A-site
Term
what are the steps for incorporating the first amino acid in prokaryotes
Definition
no 5' cap to bind to
ribosome binding site [shine-delgarno sequence]
Term
polycistronic
Definition
encode for several proteins [prokaryotes]
Term
moncistronic
Definition
encode for one protein [eukaryotes]
Term
function of tRNA molecules
Definition
match amino acids to codons in mRNA
Term
adaptor 1
Definition
amino acid
Term
adaptor 2
Definition
codon
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