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Carolingian World Midterm Terms
Meetings 2 -10
74
History
Undergraduate 4
03/01/2014

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Term
Mayor of the Palace
Definition
Highest role in Merovingian court. Ran by Carolingians. Runs the kingdom.
Term
Austrasia, Neustria
Definition
Two regions held by Merovingians which two seperate Mayors of the Palace ran
Term
Pippin II
Definition
MoP of Austrasia who defeats the MoP of Neustria, which unites both regions under one MoP.
Term
Charles Martel
Definition
Son of Pippin II, defeated the Muslims in Spain, was requested to aid the Pope but did not, first Carolingian to be buried in St Denis.
Term
Carolingian landscape
Definition
saw the world as flat but round. Lots of rivers. Roman mentality of borders, very imperial always expanding.
Term
Einhard
Definition
translated the lives of Saints Marcellinus and Peter. Educated in Fulda, 1st generation Carolingian scholar. Court scholar of Charlemagne.
Term
Polyptych / polyptyque
Definition
inventory of an estate
Term
Capitulary "de villis" (on estates)
Definition
template for royal estates, like a blueprint for how an estate should be maintained
Term
Wissembourg
Definition
a famous polyptych
Term
Saint-Germain-des-Pres
Definition
a famous polyptych
Term
colunus (m) , colona (f)
Definition
free peasants
Term
lidus (m) , lida (f)
Definition
free peasants
Term
Villiers-le-Sec
Definition
where the royalty was buried
Term
Snellegem
Definition
a bed and breakfast where Dr Gibson failed to excavate a former estate
Term
reserve / demesne
Definition
where the Lord lives on the estate
Term
mansus / manse
Definition
amount of land to support a family
Term
ard / stick-plow
Definition
good for soft soil
Term
heavy plow / swivel plow
Definition
good for Carolingian hard soil
Term
Carloman
Definition
MoP of Austrasia / The East
Term
Pippin III
Definition
MoP of Neuestria / The West
Term
Childeric III (ruled 743-749)
Definition
rules as Merovingian while the MoPs fight for him. Lazy ruler.
Term
Grifo / Gripho
Definition
son of Martel who creates interior trouble while battling Bavaria. Flees a lot. Tries to get to Italy but is killed.
Term
Boniface
Definition
patron of monastic life. missionary from England to convert Europe. TEAMS UP WITH CAROLINGIANS AND WANTS TO REFORM INTERIOR CHURCH
Term
Salic Law prologues
Definition
Written by Clovis, brags about how much better the Carolingians were to the Romans
Term
Desiderius
Definition
king of Lombards who takes in Carloman's family after his death
Term
Stephen III (pope, r. 768-772)
Definition
Term
Saxon Wars
Definition
722-804 the Saxons just cause trouble every time your back is turned.
Term
godparent
Definition
creates a religious unity / family. A new way to deal with Saxon loyalty
Term
hostage
Definition
ensures loyalty by Saxons
Term
Charlemagne's wars
Definition
expands the territory of Charlemagne
Term
Tassilo III (r. 748-788)
Definition
married to Desiderius' daughter and was loyal to Pippin
Term
capitulary
Definition
a royal/imperial edict which aids to Salic Law "little heads / chapters"
Term
ban / bannus = payment to the king, fine, king's right to command
Definition
a fine paid to a king
Term
wergild / wergeld / composition = "man's price"
Definition
the price for wronging a man
Term
missus (pl. missi) = legates, "man who is sent"
Definition
legates, "man who is sent"
Term
Alcuin (d. 804)
Definition
court priest who write stuff for Charlemagne
Term
Fulda
Definition
where a famous monastery was. Source of Einhard
Term
Old High German
Definition
how German used to be
Term
"Europe"
Definition
a creation by Charlemagne. He was its father
Term
personal rule
Definition
coinage, etc. needs to be used in order to establish your name with your rule. Like cult of personality
Term
count
Definition
super elites, right below king
Term
general assembly
Definition
secular nobles deciding to head to war. Bring weapons and such because war is next.
Term
missus (pl. missi) = legates, "man who is sent"
Definition
men who are sent in pairs, laymen and priests, sent to relay information
Term
Theodulf (r. c. 798-818, d. 821)
Definition
another court scholar in competition with Alcuin
Term
The prisoner at Tours
Definition
an incident at Theodulf's domain involving a prisoner of Alcuins. Shows their competition
Term
Donation of Constantine
Definition
possible propaganda to get people to visit the Lateran. Letter from emperor Constantine giving the pope the Western Roman Empire. Proved a forgery later
Term
Pope Hadrian / Adrian I
Definition
requests that Charlemagne send some materials to repair St Peters
Term
Pope Leo III
Definition
was tortured by Hadrian supporters after his death. Charlemagne has to come in to help him ends up getting crowned an emperor.
Term
Paderborn
Definition
Where Leo III traveled to request that Charlemagne come help him in Rome. Paderborn, Germany
Term
"Paderborn Epic"
Definition
written by Einhard and comes in two parts
Term
Benevento
Definition
Southern Italy kingdom which acted against Pope Leo which required Charlemagne step in to silence.
Term
Imperial coronation
Definition
Christmas Day 800 AD in Rome, crowned by Leo III
Term
Byzantine Iconoclasm
Definition
Several times between 717-739 or so there were controversies of the Byzantine Empire. When something went wrong they thought it was due to idol worship by use of saint icons. Part of why the Roman Pope had issues with the East and saw problems with them.
Term
Irene
Definition
Wife of Emperor Leo IV and mother for Constantine V. She blinds her son and then becomes empress of Byzantium.
Term
Libri Carolini / Opus Caroli
Definition
Charlemagne's writing on theology, probably written by either Alcuin or Theodulf...probably Theodulf based on the style.
Term
Abd al-Rahman
Definition
Provincial leader of Muslim Spain after the fall of Louis the Pious
Term
Harun al-Rashid
Definition
Abbasid ruler who gave an elephant to Charlemagne
Term
Abul Abaz / Abul al-Abbas
Definition
Charlemagne's elephant, his name could mean anything.
Term
Inventory of Churches and Monastaries in and around Jerusalem
Definition
Charlemagne hoped to help the holy land so he needed records of what was over there so that he knew what to supply
Term
On the Governance of the Palace
Definition
Written by Adelhard (815-826), serves as primary source for court hierarchy (though it provides this look for Louis the Pious' court, not Charlemagne)
King > Queen > Royal children > chaplain/archchancellor (ecclesiastical head) = Count of the palace (secular head) > chamberlain > Seneschal (head of wine steward, constable, master of lodging) > chief hunters > porter, keeper of money, dispenser of money, keeper of utensils
Term
Chaplain
Definition
Bishop, the chaplain was allowed long leaves of absence to attend to religious duties. He restricted access to the king (along with count), handled religious disputes in the kingdom, gave advice to the king, supervised religious events and clerics. Head of ecclesiastical authority (under king).
Term
Count of the palace
Definition
Acted as a court of appeals that had the authority to overturn poor judgments from lesser courts, restricted access to king (along with chaplain), handled day to day secular matters. If an issue comes to the count with no precedent for judgment, the king steps in. Head of secular authority (under king).
Term
Chamberlain
Definition
Person in charge of cleaning/maintenance of the king's chamber, in charge of giving gifts to foreign dignitaries, generally managed the king's household. Directly supervised by the Queen, which would lead to rumors of adultery in later courts (not Charlemagne's).
Term
Seneschal
Definition
Acted as head wine steward to keep the king supplied with wine, constable to take care of water/food/horses, and master of lodging to arrange for housing while the king was travelling. Would inform local officials in advance of the king's impending arrival, giving them ample time to stock up.
Term
Aachen Palace
Definition
Charlemagne built this palace and made Aachen his capital, nowadays only the tower (where it is believed the treasure was stored) and the chapel survive. Aachen was known for its luxurious baths, court figures, and well-made structure. The cast bronze doors to the chapel remain (picture in slideshow) as does the throne (also in slideshow) that was modeled after ancient Jewish thrones. Important to note that Charlemagne's successor Louis the Pious did not like Aachen, preferred palace at Ingelheim.
Term
Tilleda
Definition
Located further east than Aachen, it has been well excavated and a weaving workshop discovered. A mortar mixer was also found, which suggests reconstruction was done on-site. Significant because it suggest Aachen would also have been equipped with a workshop and a mortar mixer.
Term
Lombards at Court
Definition
Several notable Lombards were incorporated into Charlemagne's court and are arranged in order of importance from least to greatest; first was Peter of Pisa who tutored Charlemagne, left court 790. Second was Paulinus of Aquileia who advised Eric of Friouli and converted to Roman Catholicism, left court 780. Lastly there was Paul the Deacon (who is in himself a separate keyword).
Term
Paul the Deacon
Definition
Lombard in Charlemagne's court from 782-786, was originally a monk (albeit an unwilling one) at Monte Cassino. Paul met Charlemagne in 782 while appealing for clemency for his brother, he ends up being accepted into the court. Paul writes competitive poetry against Peter of Pisa and also writes poetry full of praise for Charlemagne. Also writes an unfinished history of Lombardy, leaves it unfinished to avoid discussing Charlemagne conquering the Lombards.
Term
Alcuin
Definition
Anglo-Saxon that served in the court from 785-796, died in 804. Older that Charlemagne (Alcuin was born ~ 740), educated in York (Northern England), first became a cleric and later a deacon. Never actually a monk, has a good education and is taught throughout the 760's. In 781 Alcuin meets Charlemagne and is invited to the court, finally arrives in 785. Wrote poems, capitularies, virtues/vices, letters, version of the bible, architect of the Carolingian miniscule style of writing.
Term
Carolingian Miniscule
Definition
Created by Alcuin in the Carolingian court, the miniscule became a uniform style of writing that replaced the messy and often unreliable form of writing that preceded it. Easier to read, less room for error. Also significant because later cultures would discover this style and assume it was old Roman script and becomes fashionable yet again.
Term
Court Poetry
Definition
Usually the main form of competition within Charlemagne's court, Theodulf, Alcuin, Peter of Pisa, Paul the Deacon and others all used court poetry as a means to gain respected offices, titles, bishoprics and the like. Often full of praise for the Carolingians and Charlemagne in particular, court poetry of this period is also noted for its prodigious use of Old Testament comparisons.
Term
Hildegard, Alamannian 2nd wife of CM (m. c. 771)
Definition
Significance from Einhard's Life of Charlemagne and how the regions match Charlemagne's campaigns.
Term
Fastrada, East Frankish 3rd wife of CM (m. 783)
Definition
Significance from Einhard's Life of Charlemagne and how the regions match Charlemagne's campaigns.
Term
mansus
Definition
Unit of land mentioned in the polyptychs and army capitularies.
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