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Cardiovascular System
Pathology
75
Pathology
Graduate
07/07/2014

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Cards

Term
palpitations
Definition
irregular heartbeat
Term
dyspnea
Definition
difficulty bretahing
Term
syncope
Definition
lightheadedness, fainting
Term
cyanosis
Definition
bluish color of the extremities
Term
Claudication
Definition
muscle cramping
Term
CV Signs and Symptoms: PTI
Definition
Assess all of the patient's subjective symptoms, symptoms may be non cardiac related. If symptoms cluster though, may be more suspicious
Term
Age-Related CV Changes: 1
Definition
Decreased number of myocytes within the connective tissue
Term
Age-Related CV Changes: 2
Definition
Fibrosis of cardiac tissue
Term
Age-Related CV Changes: 3
Definition
Deposition of epicardial fat
Term
Age-Related CV Changes: 4
Definition
Decreased transport of Calcium
Term
Age-Related CV Changes: 5
Definition
Decreased capillary disease
Term
Age-Related CV Changes: 6
Definition
Thickening of the L ventricular wall
Term
Age-Related CV Changes: 7
Definition
Enlarged left atrium size
Term
Age-Related CV Changes: 8
Definition
blood vessels, stiffen, dilate, elongate, and are subject to deposition of calcium and atherosclerosis
Term
Age-Related CV Changes: PTI
Definition
Encouraging a healthy lifestyle and physical activity have a great impact on slowing these degenerative effects
Term
Which gender has a larger heart?
Definition
men
Term
Which gender is more prone to mitral valve prolapses?
Definition
women
Term
Which gender has a longer QT segment
Definition
women
Term
Which gender has a greater increase in LV hypertrophy?
Definition
women
Term
Thickening of the arterial walls, loss of elasticity of these walls, hardening of the arteries
Definition
arteriosclerotic
Term
Atherosclerosis: Nonmodifiable risk factors
Definition
age, gender, ethnicity, family history
Term
Atherosclerosis: modifiable risk factors
Definition
diet, cholesterol levels, hypertension, activity level, diabetes, obesity, alcoholism, smoking
Term
Atherosclerosis Development: Step 1
Definition
injury to the endothelium takes place, making teh vessel permeable to circulating lipoproteins
Term
Atherosclerosis Development: Step 2
Definition
platelets and monocytes aggregate in the area in an attempt to start an immune reaction and heal the area
Term
Atherosclerosis Development: Step 3
Definition
penetration of lipoproteins cause the formation of fatty streaks along the tunica intima
Term
Atherosclerosis Development: Step 4
Definition
plaques build up on the tunica intima over fatty streaks. Cells stick to damaged vessel wall and a thrombus is formed
Term
Atherosclerosis Development: Step 5
Definition
Thrombus calcifies and becomes hard
Term
What is a vessel with a calcified hard thrombus prone to?
Definition
rupture, hemorrhage, complete blockage
Term
angina pectoris
Definition
chest pain
Term
Chest pain that occurs when there is insufficient oxygen supply to the heart which results in ischemia
Definition
angina pectoris
Term
How can Angina pectoris occur 1
Definition
blood or oxygen supply can be impaired, such as atherosclerosis or by vasospasm of a coronary artery
Term
How can angina pectoris occur 2
Definition
demand of oxygen to the heart can be elevated beyond normal exercises, such as exercise
Term
Patient presents with angina during treatment, what happens first?
Definition
cease all activity and patient rests for 5 minutes
Term
What should the patient with angina take if available?
Definition
nitro tabs
Term
When taking nitro tabs, the patient must
Definition
be seated
Term
How much time should pass in between taking nitro tabs?
Definition
5 minutes
Term
How many nitro tabs should the patient take before emergency services be contacted?
Definition
3
Term
If the patient's angina subsides, what happens next?
Definition
resume treatment, but at decreased intensity level
Term
Defined by WHO as persistent elevation of blood pressure
Definition
hypertension
Term
What must be the blood pressure reading be to be considered hypertensive
Definition
>140 systolic, >90 diastolic
Term
How can hypertension be classified as?
Definition
systolic, diastolic, severity
Term
Hypertension is typically
Definition
asymptomatic
Term
As hypertension severity increases symptoms may include
Definition
headache, vertigo, flushed face, CV symptoms may be present
Term
What lifestyle choice can reduce blood pressure?
Definition
regular aerobic exercise
Term
For how long will blood pressure be decreased after exercise?
Definition
up to 7 hours
Term
Which measurement is more greatly affected by exercise?
Definition
diastolic
Term
What exercise has been found to increase blood pressure?
Definition
heavy weight training
Term
Myocardial infarction
Definition
development of ischemia and necrosis within the tissue
Term
How is myocardial infarction usually caused?
Definition
coronary thrombus at the site of pre-exist atherosclerosis
Term
Can the cells in the zone of infarction recovery?
Definition
no, necrosis is considered irreversible
Term
Can the cells in the zone of hypoxic injury and zone of ischemia?
Definition
maybe, after blood flow and oxygen supply is restored
Term
Hallmark sign of myocardial infarction
Definition
sudden onset of crushing pressure at the chest, may last for 30 minute with other symptoms
Term
WHen the heart is unable to pump sufficient blood to supply the body's needs
Definition
congestive heart failure
Term
CHF: chornic condition and often backs up into the lungs
Definition
left-sided heart failure
Term
CHF: acute condition which backs up into the systemic circulation and is seen as increased volume and weight gain in the extremities
Definition
right-sided heart failure
Term
R-sided HF
Definition
rv cannot maintain its output to the lungs
Term
Due to the RV being unable to maintain its output to the lungs what happens
Definition
blood proceeds to the left side of the heart and then into the systemic circulation
Term
The heart fails to pump blood forward and compensatory mechanisms are employed to attempt to keep this pump working
Definition
L-Sided HF
Term
L-Sided HF: If the ____ insufficiency is prolonged, these compensatory mechanisms will too, eventually fail
Definition
O2
Term
Symptoms associated with Advanced L-Sided HF.
Definition
dyspnea at rest, orthopnea, cough, pulmonary edema, cerebral hypoxia, renal changes
Term
Advanced L-Sided HF: pulmonary edema symptoms
Definition
SOB, anxiety, frothy pink sputum, accessory muscle use for breathing, abnormal breath sounds, tacchypnea, diaphoresis
Term
Advanced L-Sided HF: Cerebral hypoxia symptoms
Definition
irritability, restlessness, confusion, impaired memory, difficulty sleeping
Term
R-Sided HF symptoms
Definition
peripheral edema, stiff, heavy clumsy limbs, decreased ROM, strength, endurance and signs related to organ involvment
Term
anasarca
Definition
peripheral edema
Term
High Fowler's positoin of at least 20" elevation may hloep with what
Definition
reducing pulmonary congestion and help breathing
Term
How are most arterial aneurysms caused?
Definition
athero or other injury to the vessel
Term
What are other causes of aneurysms
Definition
trauma (surgical or blunt) to the vessel, hereditary diseases, inflammatory diseases and infectious agents
Term
Aneurysm locations: Symptoms involving dyspnea, dysphagia, hoarseness and or coughing
Definition
neck or lungs
Term
Aneurysm Locations: Low back pain, abdominal heart beat
Definition
abdominal aortic aneurysm
Term
What causes DVT?
Definition
venous stasis, hypercoagulability, injury to a vessel
Term
Which population has the highest incidence for DVTs?
Definition
abdominal, pelvic, or LE surgical patients
Term
Early stages of DVT
Definition
asymptomatic
Term
Signs of DVT
Definition
swelling of the limb, redness, warmth, tachycardia
Term
DVT PTI
Definition
early ambulation and mobilization
Term
DVT PTI: equipment based treatments
Definition
elastic stocking, pneumatic devices which simulate calf muscle pumping
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