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cardiology
nursing 203 cardio
93
Nursing
Undergraduate 2
10/24/2010

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Cards

Term
precordium
Definition
the anterior chest that is over the chest and great vessels
Term
pulmonary circulation
Definition
the right side of the hart that pumps blood to the lungs
Term
systemic circulation
Definition
the left side of the heart that pumps blood to the other parts of the body
Term
the pulmonary artery
Definition
exits the right ventricle, bifucates, and carries blood to the lungs
Term
the pulmonary veins
Definition
two from each lung, return oxygenated blood to the left atrium
Term
tricuspid valve
Definition
it is located between the right atrium and the right ventricle
Term
bicuspid valve
Definition
located between the left atrium and elft ventricle
Term
how does the ventricles contracting affect the AV valves?
Definition
it snaps them shut preventing the regurgitation of blood into the atria. 
Term
the aortic and pulmonic valves are open and closed when?
Definition
they are open during ventricular contration and closed during ventricular relaxation
Term
peri cardium
Definition
a tough , inextensible, loose fitting fibroserious sac, that surrounds the heart
Term
parietal pericardium
Definition
a serous membrane lining, is secretes a small amount of pericardial fluid that allows for friction free movement. 
Term
what are the layers of the heart?
Definition
the epicardium, myocardium, and the endocardium
Term
SA node
Definition
the pace maker of the heart. 60-100 BPM. causes atria to contract simulatenously.
Term
bundle of his
Definition
40-60 BPM. 
Term
diastole
Definition
relaxation of the ventricles
Term
systole
Definition
contraction of the ventricles
Term
during venticular diastole the .... valves are .... and the ventricles are...?
Definition
during ventricular diastole the ( Av valves) are (open) and the ventricles are (relaxed)
Term
what causes the first noise?
Definition
closure of the av valves (mitral and tricuspid) produces the first heart sound (S1) which is the begining of systole.
Term
second heart sound
Definition
the ventricular pressure falls and the semilunar valves close. It makes the 2nd heart sound with ventricular emptying which signals the end of systole
Term
p wave
Definition
atrial depolarization. 
Term
QRS complex
Definition
ventricular depolarization. conduction of the impulse throughout the ventricles which triggers the contraction of the ventricles
Term
T wave
Definition
ventricular repolarization, the ventricles return to a resting state
Term
S1
Definition
LUB! if heard as 2 sounds the first sound is M1 (mitral) and the second is T1 (tricuspid)
Term
s2
Definition
DUBB! the begining of diastole. If heard with two noises the first is A2 (aortic closure) and the second is P2 (pulmonic closure)
Term
where is s1 heard best at?
Definition
the apex
Term
where is s2 heard best at?
Definition
the base
Term
S3
Definition
normal in children and young adults. continous sound. due to extra fluid being profused, can indicate a volume overload. use bell. it is found after S2. heard best at apex with patient in left lateral position. 
Term
S4
Definition
occurs after S1. due to ventricular non compliance. known as atrial gallop. use bell. best heard at apex with patient in left lateral position. occurs in late diastole. 
Term
aortic stenosis and mitral regurgitation are what kind of murmurs?
Definition
systolic mumurs
Term
aortic regurgitation and miral stenosis are what kind of mumurs?
Definition
diastolic mumurs. 
Term
with aortic insufficiency, what kind of symptoms do you get?
Definition
some of the blood sits in the heart, some fo the blood goes to the lungs and youg et congestive heart failure. pumlonary edema. crackles in the lungs. pink sputnum. accesory muscle use. 
Term
aortic stenosis
Definition
happens during systole. you will have aortic regurgitation
Term
if the diastolic pressure is too high what does it indicate?
Definition
that the heart is not relaxing enough
Term
At the aorta you can hear...?
Definition
S2 quite clearly.
Term
the right and left carotis arteries extend from the...?
Definition
brachiocephalic trunk
Term
the carotid arteries supply the?
Definition
neck, head, and brain
Term
what is the carotid artery pulse good for assessing?
Definition
amplitude and contour of pulse
Term
what do the jugular veins do?
Definition
return blood from the heart to the nek by way of the superior vena cava
Term
what is important about the jugular venous pulse?
Definition
it is important for determining the hemodynamics of the right side of the heart. the pressure in the veins reflects the right atrial pressure and the right ventricular diastolic filling pressure
Term
a split s1 occurs due to?
Definition
it coccurs because the right and left ventricles are contracting at different times. 
Term
nocturnia
Definition
urgent need to urinate
Term
rheumatic carditis
Definition
developes after exposure to rheumatic fever. causes inflamation of heart muscles which impares contraction and valvular function.
Term
distension or bulging or protrusion at 45, 60 or 90 may indicate?
Definition
right sides heart failure. 
Term
bruit
Definition
a blowing or swishing noise caused by turbulent blood flow. it is indicative of occlusive arterial disease
Term
pulse inequity may indicate...?
Definition
arterial constriction or occlusion of a carotid artery
Term
thrills or an artery may indicate?
Definition
a narrowing of the artery.
Term
a heave of a lift may occur as a result of?
Definition
an enlarged ventricle from an overload of work
Term
normal findings of s1 and s2?
Definition
s1 corresponds with each carotid pulsation. it is loudest at the apex of the heart. S2 is loudest at the base of the heart. 
Term
T OR F: a split S2 heard during expiration is abnormal?
Definition
TRUE
Term
When is a split 2, not abnormal?
Definition
when it is a physiologic splitting. 
Term
the pathway of blood moving systemically through the heart is?
Definition
tricuspid valve, pulm valve, pulm artery, pulm vein, mitral valve, aortic valve, aorta
Term
What are the symptoms of right sides heart failure?
Definition
peripheral edema. distended jugular veins. anorexia. GI distress. cyanosis. dependent edema. fatigue. acites. nocturnia
Term
acites
Definition
edema and build up of fluid in abdomen
Term
nocturnia
Definition
getting up at night a lot due to the body recirculating the extra edema to the kidneys
Term
left sided heart failure
Definition
crackles in the lungs. cyanosis. cough. orthopnea. exertional dyspnea. paroxysmal nocturnia dyspnea. blood tinged sputnum. exertional dyspnea. 
Term
if the left side of the heart fails what else will eventually fail?
Definition
the right side
Term
in left sided heart failure where is the first place that blood will back up into?
Definition
the lungs
Term
what is the electrical pathway of the heart?
Definition
sa node, av node, bundle of his, purkinje fibers
Term
what are signs that the electrical impulses from the SA node are interrupted?
Definition
bradycardia and arhythemia
Term
Ischemia
Definition
decreased oxygen which leads to pain. Oxygen demands are not being made
Term
How does injury affect the heart?
Definition
some injuries to the heart can be reversed. Heart muscle can be healed if caught early. 
Term
How does scarring of the heart affect the heart?
Definition
it reduces elasticity
Term
what are the symptoms of a heart attack in females?
Definition
jaw, neck, arm, back or shoulder discomfort. dyspnea. indigestion. nausea. look for distress. chest pain can be absent
Term
how are heart sounds transmitted?
Definition
they are transmitted in the direction of the blood flow
Term
diastole detailed
Definition
ventricles are filling, tricuspid and mitral valves are open. pulmonic and aortic valves are closed. ventricals are relaxed
Term
systole detailed
Definition
ventricals are contracting. pulmonic and aortic valves are open. tricuspid and mitral valves are closed.
Term
lub= s1
Definition
mitral and tricuspid closure. end of diastole and begining of systole. loud at apex. left MCL 5th ICS
Term
dubb= s2
Definition
aortic and pulmonary valve closure. end of systole and begining of diastole. louder at base of heart.
Term
ventricular gallop
Definition
s3
Term
What part of the stethoscope do you use to listen to s3?
Definition
the bell
Term
a friction rub heard when holding your beath is....?
Definition
cardiac
Term
a friction rub noise that is heard and comes back after breathing is called?
Definition
pleural
Term
Systolic is between?
Definition
S1 and S2
Term
Where is diastolic located?
Definition
after s2
Term
how do we grade heart murmurs?
Definition
level 1-6. VI can be heard without a stethoscope and grade I is very soft.  Grade V is a thrill. 
Term
how do we describe heart noises?
Definition
by them being 'harsh', 'blowing', 'rumbling', or 'musical'.
Term
What is valve stenosis?
Definition
valve narrowing
Term
incompetent valves will cause?
Definition
blood turbulance
Term
heart changes in the elderly
Definition
the valves become thick and rigid. the left ventricle thickens to to inflammation of collagen fibers. bundle of his loses conduction power on fibers which causes arthmias. 
Term
earlobe creases indicate?
Definition
high cholesterole
Term
arcus lipoidus
Definition
cholesterole deposists on the orbit of the eye
Term
if the left side of the heart fails it will result in...?
Definition
a decrease in capillary refill
Term
for the physical exam, look for...?
Definition
orbital edema, ear lobe creases, arcus lipoidus, xanthelasma
Term
what kind of ulsations do carotid arteries have?
Definition
sharpe pulsations
Term
what kind of pulsations do the jugular veins have?
Definition
undulating pulsations
Term
to see undulations a pt should be laying at what angle?
Definition
45 degrees
Term
JVP over 3 cm's indicates?
Definition
right sides heart failure
Term
use the heel of your hand to feel for?
Definition
heaves or lifts
Term
use the metacarpal joints for?
Definition
thrills
Term
use the fingertips for?
Definition
pulsations no more than 2 cm in width
Term
T or F: percussion is NOT done with the heart?
Definition
TRUE
Term
Mitral valve = ?
Definition
bicuspid
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