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Cardio & ANS
n/a
53
Pharmacology
Undergraduate 1
11/05/2009

Additional Pharmacology Flashcards

 


 

Cards

Term

 

 

 

 

alpha1 agonist

Definition

Constriciton or contraction:

 

Causes pupillary mydriasis (along w/ anticholinergics) - b/c ciliary muscles constrict

Produces potent vasoconstriction

Ejaculation

Uterus contraction

Increases BP

Increased GI motility

Term

 

 

 

 

 

Alpha2 agonist

Definition

Dilation or relaxation:

 

Causes central vasodilation

 

Term

 

 

 

 

 

What does a Alpha antagonist do?

Definition

 

 

 

 

Blocks catecholamine at the receptor site & reverses the effect of the alpha adrenerigc activity

 

 

Term

 

 

 

 

 

What is direct competition?  Are effects reversible or irreversible?

Definition

 

 

The alpha blocker displaces the norepi moleucules from teh alpha receptor sites

 

The site is then less responsive to the neurotransmitter norepi

 

Effects are reversible

Term

 

 

 

 

 

What is alpha blockade noncompetition?  Are the effects reversible or irreversible?

Definition

Med binds withe the alpha-adrenergic receptor site

 

Bonding is covalent - irreversible

Term

 

 

What are the uses of alpha blockers?

 

 

 

Definition

Relieve migraines:  constrict dilated arterioles in the brain

Relieve post-partum bleeding:  increase uterine contractions

HTN:  arterile & venous dilation

pheochromocytoma - reverses effects of catech secretion by tumor

extravasation of vasopressors - reverse vasoconstriciton & restore blood flow to constricted area

 

 

Term

 

 

 

 

What are contraindications for alpha blockers?

Definition

allergy

Peripheral vascular disease (further constricts)

Hepatic & renal disease (further constricts)

Coronary artery disease

Sepsis

 

Term

 

 

 

 

 

What are the adverse effects of alpha blockers?

Definition

Extension of the intended effects

 

CV:  Hypotension, rebound tachy, dysrhythmias, edema

CNS:  dizziness, drowsiness, depression, weakness, fatigue

GI:  N/V/C

Term

 

 

 

 

What do beta blockers do?

Definition
 They compete w/ epi & norepi
Term

 

 

 

What (tissue) are the most frequent targets of beta blockers

Definition

Surface of heart

Smooth muscle of lungs

Smooth muscle of blood vessels

Term

 

 

 

What do alpaha agonist predominantly do?

Definition

 

 

Cause vasoconstriction and CNS stimulation

Term

 

 

 

 

 

Where are alpha1 agonsit receptors located?

Definition

 

 

 

 

On post-synaptic effector cells = the tissue, muscle, or organ that nerve stimulates

Term

 

 

 

 

Where are alpha 2 receptors located?

Definition

 

 

 

 

On the pre-synaptic nerve terminals = control the release of the neurotransmitters

Term

 

 

 

 

 

Where are all Beta receptors located? Beta 1 specifically?  Beta2 specifically?

Definition

 

 

 

On post-synaptic effector cells

 

In the heart

 

Smooth muscle of the bronchioles, arterioles, visceral organs

Term

 

 

 

 

 

What does a Beta agonsit response result in?

Definition

 

 

Bronchial, GI, & uterine smooth muscle relaxation

Glycogenolysis

Cardiac Stimulation

Term

 

 

 

 

 

What does stimulation of dopaminergic receptors cause?

Definition

 

 

 

Dilation of vessels of the renal, mesenteric, coronary & cerebral arteries = increased blood flow to these tissues

Term

 

 

 

 

 

How does an indirect acting adrenergic drug cause stimulation?

Definition
Causes the release of the catecholamine from the storage site
Term

 

 

 

 

 

What does a mixed-acting sympathomimetic do?

Definition

 

 

It directly stimualtes the receptor by binding to it and causes the release of the neurotransmitter stored in the nerve endings

Term

Define the following: 

inotropic

chronotropic

dromotropic

Definition

force of contraction of heart

heart rate

condution of impulses through AV node

Term

 

 

What -tropic effects do Beta 1 adrenergics have?

Definition

+inotropic (force)

+chromotropic (HR)

+dromotropic  (conduction)

Term

 

 

 

 

What effects do Beta 2 adrenergics have?

Definition

 

 

Relaxation of bronchi & uterus

increased glycogenolysis (increased BG)

increased in renin secretion (increased BP)

Term

 

 

 

 

What adrenergic agsonst is helpful in treating resp conditions? Why?  What is an example?

Definition

Beta 2 selective adrenergics

 

they are predominantly attracted to beta 2 receptors on the bronchial, uterine & smooth muscles

 

albuterol

Term

 

 

 

 

What adrenergic is helpful in treating nasal congestion? Why?  Example?

Definition

alpha1 adrenergics

 

they cause constriction of dialted arterioles & reduction of nasal blood flow

 

pseudoephedrine (Afrin)

 

 

Term

 

 

 

 

 

What does vasoactive or "pressor" effect mean?

 

Definition

 

 

 

It means that receptors are activated that produce effects that help to support cardiac function during cardiac shock or failure.

Term

 

 

 

 

If given w/ these drugs, the result will be heightened effects (3)

Definition

 

 

anti-depressants

antihistamines

thyroid preparations

Term

 

 

 

 

 

What key drug is a selective Beta 2 agonist?  What does this mean?

Definition

 

 

Albuterol

 

It causes bronchodilation w/o cardiac stimulation

Term

 

 

 

 

What key drug is a endogenous catecholamine w/ mixed alpha & beta effects?  What does it cause?

Definition

Epinephrine

 

Vasoconstriction (increased BP)

+ino, dromo, chrono

Bronchodilation

 

Term

 

 

 

 

When is epi contraindicated?

Definition

CAD, HTN - increases BP & heart activity

 

Narrow-angle glaucoma

 

Labor - slows uterine contractions down

 

local anesthesia of fingers, toes, penis or noes -causes vasoconstriciton

Term

 

 

 

 

What key drug is a mixed alpha and beta agonist (not naturally occur)?  What does it do?

 

 

 

 

Definition

pseudoephedrine (Afrin)

 

 

Decongests the nose by causing vasoconstriction in the nasal mucosa thereby decreasing secretions

 

 

 

Term

 

 

What key drug is a Beta1 agonist?  What does it cause?

Definition

dobutamine (Dobutrex)

 

+ ino, chrono, dromo effects

so used for HF & shock

Term

What do adrenergic antagonists do?
Definition
Block stimulation of the alpha & beta receptors
Term

 

 

 

What key drug is an alpha antagonist?  What does it do?

Definition

phentolamine (Regitine)

 

reduces peripheral vascular resistance by vasodilating- reduces BP

 

Also used to counter extravasation of adrenergic meds b/c potent vasodilator

Term

 

 

 

 

What key drug is a alpha1 antagonist?  What does it do?

Definition

prazosin (Minipress)

 

blocks in the arterioles, venules & smooth muscles of bladder & prostrate - treats HTN & BPH

Term

 

 

 

 

What key drug is a Beta1 blocker?  What does it do?

 

Definition

metoprolol (Lopressor)

 

it competes w/ epi & norepi in the heart & reduces activity of the heart - treats HTN and early or late MI (catecholamines are secreted when myocard damaged)

 

 

 

Term

 

 

 

 

 

What key drug is a Beta blocker?  What does it do?

Definition

 

propranolol (Inderal)

 

reduces cardiac stimulation - decreases HR (ino) & contractility (chrono); slows conduction (dromo) = treats angina, HTN,post-MI,

Tachydysrhytmias in conjunction w/ dig toxicity, aortic stenosis, Grave's disease, pheochromocytoma

 

Migranes & tremors - vasoconstriction of cerebral arterioles

 

 

Term

 

 

 

 

What patients are non-selec beta blockers contraindicated in? Why?

Definition

those w/ compromosed lung function (esp. asthmatics)

 

b/c it causes vasoconstriction of the bronchioles

Term

 

 

 

 

 

Why should diabetics be careful when taking beta blockers?

Definition

 

beta blockers impair the process of glycogenolysis (making glucose from glycogen when BG is low) & they mask the effects of hypoglycemia (slow heart activity & bronchiole constriction)

Term

 

 

 

 

 

What do cholinergic receptors bind to?

Definition

 

 

 

acetylcholine

Term

 

 

 

What does SLUDGE stand for?  Refering to?

Definition

Salivation

Lacrimation

Urinary incontinence

Diarrhea

GI cramps

Emesis

 

cholinergic poisoning

Term

 

 

What is a direct acting key drug used primarily in bladder stimulation?

Definition

bethanechol (Ureocholine)

 

indications:  non-obstructive urinary retention

Term

 

 

What indirect acting key cholinergic agonist is used to treat alzheimer's disease?  How?

Definition

donepezil (Aricept)

 

-increases ACh by blocking its breakdown by anticholinesterase in the brain

Term

 

 

 

 

What indirect acting cholinergic agonist key drug treats myasthenia gravis?  How?

Definition

physostigmine (Antilirium)

 

-inhibits ACh breakdown by enzyme - improves muscle strength (myasthenia gravis destroys ACh receptors)

Term

 

 

 

Why do anticholinergics have the same effects as adrenergics?

Definition

 

 

 

The PSNS is blocked (ACh receptors) & SNS is allowed to dominate

Term

 

 

 

What is the antedote for cholinergic toxcicity?

Definition
atropine
Term

 

 

 

 

 

What does the cholinergic antagonist key drug atropine do in children?

Definition

therapeutic anticholinergic effect, counters bradycardia, controls secretions

 

 

-increases HR & causes bronchodilation

Term

 

 

 

 

This cholinergic antagonist key drug is used to treat IBS? Why?

Definition

dicyclomine (Bentyl)

 

antagonize muscarinic receptors that causes gastric secretions, contraction of smooth muscle, increased GI motility & peristalsis

Term

 

 

 

 

This anticholinergic key drug is used to treat overacitve bladder?  Why?

Definition

tolterodine (Detrol)

 

blocks muscarinic receptors in the bladder - resulting in relaxed detrusor muscle (constricts to pee) & increase constriction of internal sphincter (involuntary)

Term
Why are cholinergic antagonist contraindicated in pts w/ glaucoma?
Definition
increase IOP & pupil dilation
Term
Why are anti-cholinergics contraindicated in pts. w/ myasthenia graivs?
Definition
Interfere w/ cholinergic receptors w/h are already being destroyed by the disease.....exacerbate the condition.
Term
Why are anticholinergics contraindicated in pts w/ GI or GU obstruction?
Definition
They slow peristalsis & urinary elimination down.  In a pt w/ an obstruction, this would exacerbate the condition.
Term
Do anticholinergics increase or decrease sweating?
Definition
decrease
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