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Cancer Bio
BIOL 158
122
Biology
Undergraduate 4
10/04/2015

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Cards

Term
Hallmarks of Cancer (6)
Definition
Resist apoptosis, Angiogenesis, Replicative Immortality, Metastasis/Invasion, Evade Growth Suppressors, Sustain Proliferative Signaling
Term
Lifetime Risk of Cancer in Men
Definition
47% (1 in 2)
Term
Lifetime Risk of Cancer in Women
Definition
38% (1 in 3)
Term
Yearly Cancer Deaths in US
Definition
590,000
Term
New worldwide cases of cancer
Definition
12 million
Term
Most Common Cancers to cause death in Men (5)
Definition
Lung, Prostate, Colon, Pancreas and Liver
Term
Most common cancers to cause death in women (5)
Definition
Lung, Breast, Colon, Pancreas, and Ovary
Term
Carcinoma
Definition
Malignancy of epithelial cells
Term
Sarcoma
Definition
Connective tissue tumor
Term
Leukemia
Definition
Cancer arising from precursors of circulation blood cells
Term
Lymphoma
Definition
Cancer in cells of the immune system
Term
Tumor clonality
Definition
Development of cancer from a single cell
Term
What percent of cancers occur in people 50 and over?
Definition
80%
Term
Damaging type of UV rays
Definition
A & B
Term
How many cases of skin cancer/yr?
Definition
1 milli
Term
Tobacco use causes what percent of lung cancer?
Definition
80-90%
Term
Obesity is a risk factor for what cancers?
Definition
Breast, liver and colon cancers
Term
What did a landmark study on mice tell us about cancer?
Definition
The same type of cancer acts differently on different strains of mice
Term
New directions of cancer research? (3)
Definition
Stem cell research, microRNAs, and epigenetics
Term
Epigenetics
Definition
Study of the environments effect on genetics/gene expression
Term
Associated Cancer(s) with HPV
Definition
Cervical Cancer (Oropharangeal carcinoma and other genital tumors)
Term
Associated Cancer(s) with HBV
Definition
Liver Cancer (Hepatocellular carcinoma)
Term
Associated Cancer(s) with HCV
Definition
Liver Cancer (Hepatocellular carcinoma)
Term
Associated Cancer(s) with EBV
Definition
Burkitt lymphoma, Hodgkin's lymphoma, Nasopharangeal carcinoma
Term
Associated Cancer(s) with KSHV
Definition
Kaposi Sarcoma
Term
Associated Cancer(s) with HTLV1
Definition
Adult T Cell leukemia
Term
Associated Cancer(s) with SV40
Definition
Mesothelioma
Term
TSA stands for
Definition
Tumor specific antigens
Term
Three ways to classify cancer drugs
Definition
1. Chemical structure/resource 2. Biomechanical mechanisms of anticancer action 3. Cycle or phase specificity
Term
An alkylating agents, antimetabolites, antibiotics and hormones are an example of what kind of classification of drug?
Definition
Chemical structure/resource
Term
Drugs that influence hormone homeostasis or directly influence the structure/function of DNA are what kind of classification of drug?
Definition
Biomechanical mechanisms of anticancer action
Term
CCNSA
Definition
Cell cycle nonspecific agent
Term
CCSA
Definition
Cell cycle specific agent
Term
CCNSA and CCSA are examples of what kind of classification of drug?
Definition
Cycle/phase specificity
Term
Folic Acid Antagonist is an example of what kind of classification of drug?
Definition
Chemical structure/function (antimetabolite)
Term
Number of patients in phase 1 clinical trial?
Definition
20-80
Term
Two main problems with chemotherapy
Definition
Drug resistance and toxicity
Term
De novo resistance
Definition
Inherent resistance due to genetics or the inability to reach targeted cells
Term
How do cells acquire resistance?
Definition
Genomic mutations (induction/deletion of enzymes involved in drug (in)activiation)
Term
MDR
Definition
Multi-Drug Resistance
Term
What molecule is key in MDR?
Definition
P-glycoprotien
Term
Function of p-glycoprotien?
Definition
Promiscuously ransports drugs out of cell
Term
VEGF
Definition
A pro-angiogenic factor
Term
Angiogenic switch
Definition
In normal tissue, anti-angiogenic factors > pro-angiogenic factors, but this balance is SWITCHed in tumors (pro-angiogenic factors > anti-angiogenic factors)
Term
Four triggers of angiogenic switch
Definition
Hypoxia, GFs/cytokines, activated/overexpressed receptors, and oncogens
Term
Ras
Definition
Oncogene
Term
EPC
Definition
Endothelial progenitor cell
Term
EPCs play a role in...
Definition
Vasculogenesis
Term
Angiogenesis
Definition
Sprouting from existing vessels by migration of local epithelial cells
Term
Vasculogenesis
Definition
Formation of new bessels by recruitment of bone marrow-derived EPCs
Term
Primary occurrence of new vessel formation is angiogenesis or vasculogenesis?
Definition
Angiogenesis
Term
Secondary occurrence of new vessel formation is angiogenesis or vasculogenesis?
Definition
Vasculogenesis
Term
Edema occurs when...
Definition
Lymphatic system is blocked
Term
Lymph
Definition
Excess tissue fluid containing leaked proteins
Term
EFGR
Definition
Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor
Term
Growth factors are what type of molecule?
Definition
Protiens!
Term
Ligand = ???
Definition
Signal! Aka a molecule that binds to a specific site on another molecule (receptor)
Term
Growth factors cause what change in the cell cycle?
Definition
Progression from G1 to S
Term
EFGR is especially overexpressed in which cancers?
Definition
Head and Neck, lung, ovarian and breast cancers
Term
Heregulins are often ligands for...
Definition
EGFR
Term
erbB
Definition
An oncogene produced by EGFR
Term
EGFR function in normal cell
Definition
Cell proliferation, angiogenesis and antiapoptosis
Term
EGFR function in tumor cell
Definition
Proliferation, angiogenesis, antiapoptosis, metastasis and chemotherapy resistance
Term
Strategies to inhibit EGFR signaling (4)
Definition
EGFR TK inhibitors, anti-EGFR mAbs, anti-ligand mAbs, and bispecific mAbs
Term
Gefitinib
Definition
EFGR TK inhibitor drug (highly selective, potent and reversible)
Term
What is the greatest cause of death in cancer patients?
Definition
Metastasis
Term
What is least understood stage of cancer?
Definition
Metastasis
Term
What percent of metastatic cells form tumors?
Definition
0.001%
Term
How many cells will be shed from a 1 cm3 tumor?
Definition
10^6
Term
CTCs
Definition
Circulating tumor cells
Term
Why can metastases remain dormant for so long?
Definition
Angiogenesis inhibition, immune status, hormonal changes and new mutations
Term
Mechanistic theory of organ selectivity in metastasis
Definition
Determined by the pattern of blood flow
Term
Seed and soil theory:
Definition
The provision of a fertile environment is required for compatible for tumor cells to grow
Term
Determining factors of metastasis (3)
Definition
Appropriate GFs, compatible adhesion sites, and attraction factors
Term
Three stages of metastasis
Definition
Invasion, circulation and colonization
Term
Requirements for tumor invasion (3)
Definition
Matrix degrading enzymes, cell adhesion, and cell motility
Term
Integrins
Definition
Receptors involved in extracellular matrix interactions (adhesion, motility, survival and growth)
Term
MMP
Definition
Matrix metalloproteases (involved in ECM degradation)
Term
Cadherins
Definition
Receptors involved in cell-cell interactions
Term
What type of cadherin is frequently lost in cancer?
Definition
E-cadherin (epithelial)
Term
When cells lack cadherins they are...
Definition
Polar and stationary
Term
Common sites of metastasis
Definition
Bone, Lung, Liver, Adrenals, Brain and Skin
Term
BLANK activation is central to bone metastasis
Definition
Osteoclast
Term
What can block bone metastasis?
Definition
Therapies targeted at blocking osteoclast development
Term
What type of cancers are highly likely to metastasize?
Definition
Myeloma, breast, prostate and thyroid
Term
How does cancer arise? (3)
Definition
Genetic mutations on oncogenes and tumor suppressor genes, environmental factors (radiation, carcinogens) or microbial infections
Term
Relatively selective therapy strategies
Definition
Gene therapy, targeted therapy
Term
Very selective therapy strategy
Definition
Immunotherapy
Term
TSAs
Definition
Tumor specific antigens
Term
Cyclin-dependent kinase 4
Definition
Tumor specific antigen associated with skin cancer
Term
How do T cells recognize TSAs? (4)
Definition
Point mutations can cause new peptides to bond or new epitopes for T cells to recognize, overexpression of genes can change the density of peptide present, OR reactivation of genes present novel antigens
Term
Five mechanisms of tumor immune evasion
Definition
Low immunogenicity, tumor treated as self antigen, antigenic modulation (endocytosis), tumor-induced immune suppression and privilege sites
Term
IL-2
Definition
Enhances proliferation of T-cells. Transfected into DCs to increase immunogenicity.
Term
GM-CSF
Definition
Promotes recruitment of DCs. Used to vaccinate tumor cells.
Term
Interleukins
Definition
Cytokines used in immunotherapy
Term
Cytokines
Definition
Signaling protiens
Term
Proto-oncogene
Definition
Normal version of oncogene present in normal cells
Term
Prototype tumor-suppressor gene
Definition
Retinoblastoma gene (Rb)
Term
Rb is regulated by...
Definition
Phosphorylation
Term
p53
Definition
Tumor-suppressor gene that blocks cell cycle progression and controls apoptosis. Present in over half of cancers.
Term
What percent of cancers are known to have virus etiology?
Definition
10-20%
Term
How do viruses contribute to cancer? (3)
Definition
Integrations that cause activation/inactivation of oncogenes/tumor-suppressors, expression of genes that alter transduction pathways, and chronic activation of inflammatory responses
Term
Adenovirus
Definition
Small tumor virus that causes cancer but NOT in humans
Term
SV40
Definition
Small tumor virus that causes mesothelioma
Term
HPV
Definition
Small tumor virus that can cause cervical cancer, anal carcinoma, penile cancer or oral cancer
Term
How are oncogenic viruses different from small DNA tumor viruses?
Definition
Viruses do NOT need to integrate and the cell cycle is not driven by lytic replication regulatory genes
Term
Oncogenic viruses (2)
Definition
EBV and KSHV
Term
EBV
Definition
Oncogenic virus (Epstein-Barr Virus) That can cause Hodgkin's lymphoma and/or mononucleosis
Term
KSHV
Definition
Kaposi's Sarcoma Herpes Virus, an oncogenic virus that can cause Kaposi's sarcoma
Term
HBV
Definition
Virus that can cause liver cancer
Term
HCV
Definition
Virus that can cause liver cancer
Term
HTLVI
Definition
Virus that can cause Adult T Cell Leukemia
Term
Contact Inhibition
Definition
Normal fibroblasts migrate across surface until they make contact with another cell
Term
Types of Inhibition
Definition
Contact and density-dependent
Term
In leukemia, how do cancer cells maintain limitless replicative capacity?
Definition
Block differentiation before a blood cell can become an erythrocyte (maintains stem cell qualities)
Term
How many cells can survive in a tumor before angiogenesis?
Definition
1 milli
Term
BLANK oncogenes are not present in normal cells
Definition
Ras
Term
Stage I cancer
Definition
Localized to one part of the body
Term
Stage II cancer
Definition
Locally advanced, affecting lymph nodes on one side of the body
Term
Stage III cancer
Definition
After lymph nodes on both sides of the diaphragm
Term
Stage IV cancer
Definition
Metastasized cancer
Term
TNM stands for
Definition
Tumor Nodes & Metastases (Staging)
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