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Cancer - Adult
from the study guide
29
Nursing
Undergraduate 1
05/06/2012

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Cards

Term
What do we call cancer of the bone?
Definition
Osteosarcoma
Term
What do we call cancer of the bone MARROW?
Definition
LEUKemia (ALL, AML)
Term
What are the steps in metastasis?
Definition
- Local invasion
- Intravasation
- Arrest/Extravasation to cap beds
- Proliferation
- Angiogenesis
Term
Regarding staging tumors what are TNM?
Definition
-- T -- size/proliferation
-- N -- local lymphnode involvement
-- M -- Remote metastasis
Term
What are 6 most common cancers in men?
Definition
1. Prostate
2. Lung
3. Colon
4. Bladder
5. Melanoma
6. NHL
Term
What are 6 most common cancers in women?
Definition
1. Breast
2. Lung
3. Colon
4. Uterine
5. NHL > Thyroid
6. Melanoma > ovarian
Term
What are the characteristics of benign neoplasm?
Definition
1. SINGLETS
2. Rounded
3. Encapsulated
4. Slow growth
5. Necrosis slight/absent
6. Readily removed
7. Non-toxic
8. No metastasis
9. Grow by EXPANSION (no infiltration/implantation)
10. No recurrence after removal
11. Seldom cause death
Term
What are the common characteristics of malignant neoplasm?
Definition
1. MULTIPLY
2. Irregular shape
3. Not encapsulated
4. Rapid growth
5. NECROTIC
6. Difficult to remove
7. TOXIC to patient
8 Metastasis oft occurring
9. Infiltrate/implant
10. Recurring after removal
11. Causes DEATH
Term
What type of tissues are affected by ADENOCARCINOMA?
Definition
Epithelial cells
Term
What does the term adjuvant mean?
Definition
Assisting in PREVENTION, AMELIORATION, CURE. EG chemo given after a tumor is removed to prevent poss reoccurance.
Term
What does the term NEOadjuvant mean?
Definition
Chemo given PRIOR to surgery in an attempt to shrink the tumor to reduce extent.
Term
Chemoprevention means?
Definition
the use of natural OR lab made substances to PREVENT cancer.
Term
What does the term GROWTH FRACTION mean?
Definition
A larger proportion of the targeted cells are undergoing cell division.
Term
What does the term TUMOR BURDEN mean?
Definition
The total mass of tumor tissue carried by an individual with cancer/# cancerous cells
Term
What are the six stages of cell cycle (G0, G1, s, G2, Mitosis, Cytokinesis)?
Definition
G0 - non dividing cell
G1- Cell GROWTH
S - DNA replication
G2 - protein synthesis
Mitosis (1-3 hrs)chromosomes duplicate
Cytokinesis (cell division)
Term
What is the importance of Full-dose On-schedule chemotherapy?
Definition
GOALS of chemo are to eradicate cancer by hitting cells at different phases in the cell cycle, prevent drug resistant cancers (more likely with single agent tx); Patients are treated on evidence-based multi-agent protocols. Reducing dose intensity or frequency results increases risk for treatment failure.
Term
The effectiveness of chemotherapy changes even with small changes in D--- or S-------.
Definition
DOSE or SCHEDULE
Term
What are some of the most common side effects of chemotherapy?
Definition
1. Nausea/Vomiting/Diarrhea
2. FATIGUE
3. Infection (Bone Marrow Suppression)
4. Integumentary/Mucosal-lesions
5. Pulmonary effects (irrev. tissue damage)
6. Reproductive effects > Temporary--> Perm. sterility--EDUCATION
7. Skin rash
Term
What are biological response modifiers and what do they do?
Definition
Effect the HOST-TUMOR response to
1. DIRECT ANTITUMOR effects
2. Restore/boost host immune defense
3. Interfere w/ cancer cell ability to metastasize/differentiate
Term
What are some s/sx of biologic response modifiers?
Definition
- Flu like (fever/chills/myalgia/malaise/anorexia)
- Cap Leak Syndrome (tachycardia/orthostatic hypotension secondary to CLS)
- Skin rashes
Term
When should Colony Stimulating Factors (erythropoiesis-stimulating agents) be used
Definition
Encourage BONE MARROW stem cells to divide. Should be used to reduce risk of infection/blood transfusion

E-poeitin--SHOULD ONLY when treating anemia r/t chemo bc of risk of thromboembolytic events.
Term
Does radiation therapy affect non cancerous cells?
Definition
YES but not as much bc they have the ability to heal and regenerate.
Term
What types of cells are most vulnerable to radiation?
Definition
Rapidly proliferating cells (GI tract, oral mucosa and bone marrow)
Term
What types or cancers are susceptable to radiation?
Definition
Testicular, ovarian, HL/NHL, Wilms Tumor, Nueroblastoma
Term
What are the complications and treatment for Tumor Lysis Syndrome?
Definition
-- Due to chemo destruction of tumor cells (hyper-Kalemia/phosphatemia/uricemia, Hypo-calcemia-->Acute Renal Failure
--Early S/Sx: Weakness, Cramps, D/N/V
--RECOGNIZE early s/sx and initiate preventative care HEMODIALYSIS
Term
What are the complications and treatments for Superior Vena Cava Syndrome?
Definition
Blocked SVC --> facial/periorbital edema, distention of head and neck veins, chest veins, headache, seizure
--> TREAT the underlying obstruction
Term
What are the complications and treatments for SIADH?
Definition
- Weight gain, w edema, weakness, anorexia, N/V, Personality changes, seizures, oliguria (low output of urine), decreased reflexes and Coma)
-- Treat underlying malignancy, water restriction in severe cases IV infusion sodium chloride
Term
What does ANC measure? What is nomral? What is neutropenic?
Definition
The number of neutrophils and band cells based on a WBC count, 1500 cells/microL is normal, 500 cells/ microL is neutropenic.
Term
What resource can you use to find screening recommendations?
Definition
the American Cancer Society Website
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