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Campbells biology ap 8th edition
Chap 13
22
Biology
9th Grade
03/19/2010

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Term
Heredity
Definition
Transmission fo traits form one generation to the next. also known as inheritance.
Term
Genetics
Definition
the study of heredity adn hereditary variation
Term
genes
Definition
hereditary units which progaram cells to synthesize specific enzymes and other proteins whose cumulative action produces an organism's inherite traits
Term
locus
Definition
a specific place on a lenght of a chromosome where a gene is located
Term
Asexual reproduciton
Definition
a single individual is the sole parent
identical, gives rise to a clone
Term
Sexual reproduction
Definition
unique combination of genes
2 parents
gives rise to most genetic variation
Term
homologous chromosomes
Definition
two pairs fo sister chromatids tha have the same length, centromere position, staining pattern, and carry genes of the same inherited characteristics at the same locus
Term
sex chromosomes
Definition
2 in each human. XX for female XY for male. egg always has X, sperm can be X or Y.
Term
autosomes
Definition
all other chromosomes other than the set of sex chromosomes
Term
Diploid cell
Definition
a cell with two chromosome sets (2n)
Term
Haploid cell
Definition
a cell with one set of chromosomes (n)
Term
alteration of generations
Definition
when a multicellular diploid stage called the sporophyte is alternated with haploid cells called spores. Spores divide mitotically and form a gamete
Term
prophase I
Definition
chromsomes condense
homologs pair up
crossing over
centrosome movement, spinddle formation, nuclear envelope fragments
Term
metaphase I
Definition
holomogous chromosomes line up on metaphasal plate
each homolog is attached to a kinetochore microtubule
Term
anaphase I
Definition
proteins responsible for cohesion break down
sister chromatid cohesion persists
homologs move toward opposite poles
Term
telophase I and cytokinesis
Definition
each half of the cell has a pair fo homologs
cytokinesis occurs simultaneously
sone species the chromosomes decondense and nuclear envelope reforms
NO DUPLICATION OF CHROMOSOMES
Term
Meiosis II
Definition
almost identical to mitosis
EXCEPT
4 CELLS HAVE BEEN PRODUCED
Term
Synapsis and crossing over
Definition
replicated homologs pair up and become physically connected by a synaptonemal protein complex
crossing over is the process by which allels which control the same traits are traded by two non sister chromatids
connected by chismata
Term
independent assortment of chromosomes
Definition
random orientation fo homologous pairs of chromosomes at metaphase of meiosis I
Term
crossing over
Definition
produces recombinant organisms
average fo 1 to 3 cross over events per chromosome in prophase I
Term
random fertilization
Definition
fusion fo a male gamete with a female gamete can produce 70 million possible gametes
Term
Evolutionary concept
Definition
individuals best suited to the enviroment leave the most offspring, thus transmitting thier genes
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