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| 31 BCE Sea Battle of Actium |
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| When Octavian becomes Augustus, 1st Roman Emperor; defeats Marc Antony and Cleopatra |
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principle of divide and rule
allowed self-governing cities to continue
not highly centralized, just collected taxes |
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1) Tried to deal with decentralized crisis- divided empire into tetrarchy
Enforced army with strong mobile units
Failed to recognize how Christianity was such a strong social force and could unify his empire
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| Emperor Diocletian (284-305) |
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| The Great Persecution- scriptures were to be surrendered and churches demolished. Subsequent edicts dismissed all Christians in state service, subjected them to legal disabilities, and finally ordered the arrest of clergy. The persecutions were unevenly enforced, but there were evidently many apostasies. |
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| remembered as a persecutor |
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| Constantine I the Great (306-337) |
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| founder of Constantinople after defeating Licinius |
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| Constantine I the Great (306-337) |
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| developed the Great Solidus, the dollar of the Middle Ages |
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| Constantine I the Great (306-337) |
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| Battle of Milvan Bridge, 312 |
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| Constantine defeats Maxientus, becoming sole ruler of the W, sees vision of Christ |
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| Edict of Toleration of Christians |
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Rome becomes pagan past, B becomes anti-Roman, but Christianity modeled by Roman gov't
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| 330 Foundation of C. what occurs |
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| attempted to revive paganism |
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| important figure for Council of Ephesus |
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| 2 events that lead to the birth of Orthodoxy |
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| Council of Ephesus, 431; Council of Chalcedon, 451 |
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| recognized Theotokos, led to division (Orthodox- human and divine; and others- human and divine separate) |
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| council of chalcedon, 451 |
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| decision that Christ has 2 indivisible natures- human and divine |
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last emperor to try to gain back Roman Empire;
"For Rome he preserved what was Rome's" |
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| (1) restoring the empire, (2) extensive building activity, (3) law: codex justianius, (4) persecution of paganism, (5) opposition by historian Procopius (responsible for deaths in N Africa) |
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| 5 things that define Justinian's reign |
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| under whom Greek becomes language of imperial administration |
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| subdues Persia, but gives opening for Arabs |
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| rearranged "theme system" of territories- territorial units with local commanders |
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| (1) Italy indefensible, (2) Roman army recruitment was from Balkans and Asia Minor, (3) C. surrounded by 3 sides of water |
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| 3 reasons for moving Rome to C. |
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| early emperor coming from a peasant family |
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| emperor who felt it was his role to restore Roman Empire to its ancient bounds |
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| beliefs of Justinian's wife |
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| Theodora was a monothysite (CHrist has one nature-divine), making it hard for Justinian to establish orthodoxy (wanted to by force) |
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| Muslim Arabs take away Egypt and Levant |
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| Battle at Yarmuk, 636, under Heraclius |
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| one of first empresses, big iconophile |
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| Coronation of Charlemagne, 800 |
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| Charlemagne crowned in Rome by Pope as Roman Emperor, beginning of papacy |
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| sent on a Mission to the Slavs, 863, quite successful, build alliance with Slaves |
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| founder of Macedonian Dynasty |
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| born in purple; Encyclopedism |
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| Constantine VII Porphyrogennetos, emperor of the Macedonian dynasty (945–59) |
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| a cultural movement in which texts are being arranged and made available to more ppl |
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| under this emperor, C. becomes city for Holy Relics |
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| Constantine VII Porphygennetos (945-59) |
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| (1) invented Syrillic alphabet, (2) subdued Bulgarian threat, blinding 14,000, (3) reestablishes B as B Commonwealth having a larger sphere of influence |
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| Basil II, the 'Bulgar Slayer', 976–1025, 3 things |
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| Emperor Romanus IV captured by Turks, B only holds coastal lines, territorial contraction |
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| Battle of Mantzikert, 1071 |
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| captured by Turks in Battle of Mantzikert, 1071 |
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| Schism between Western (Rome-The Catholic Church) and Eastern Christianity (Constantinople- Orthodox Church) |
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| Controversy of 1054: Schism |
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| 717-741 emperor who wore down Arabs who seiged C. |
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| 6th c. = 300,000; by 800 only 30,000 due to (1) invasion, (2) plague, and (3) economic decline; by 12th a gradual revival: 250,000, becomes largest city in Europe |
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| Comment on the drastic changes in pop. of C. |
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| Christinization of Roman law is called |
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| ended veneration of icons |
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| even that ended first period of iconoclasm under Empress Eirene |
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| beginning of papacy, charlemagne crowned as roman emperor by pope |
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| 800, the coronation of charlemagne |
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| cyril and methodios successful in building alliance with slavs as they introduce christianity |
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| emperor during encyclopedism |
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| Constantine VII Poprhyrogennetos |
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| late antique city defined by 2 things |
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| Haghia Sophia (Holy Wisdom), Hagia Eirene (Holy Peace), Holy Apostles |
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| three constantinian churches |
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| emperors built monasteries instead of forums |
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| in terms of churches, what did emperors do in the medieval city |
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