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Bus 230
TEST #1- Murray
67
Business
Undergraduate 3
03/05/2013

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Term
Unit of Analysis
Definition
that which defines a single observation from your population, from which you can draw measures of one or more variables
Term
Variable
Definition
A measure of a very specific attribute from an observation in your population. The value this attribute takes should differ among at least some of the observations in your sample and population
Term
Continuous Variable
Definition
a variable whose measurement is taken on a scale without breaks, and which any fractional measure is allowed
Term
Categorical Variable
Definition
A variable whose value defines membership of one of two or more groups
Term
Dependent Variable
Definition
Variable that depends on, is explained by, or can be predicted by other variables
Term
Independent/Explanatory Variable
Definition
One or more variables that explain or influence a dependent variable
Term
Research Proposal
Definition
written statement of what the research project will entail
Term
Research Design
Definition
description of what will be done to answer the question
Term
Business Decision Making
Definition
process of developing and deciding among alternative ways of resolving a business problem or taking advantage of a business opportunity
Term
Business Problem
Definition
a situation in which negative consequences are possible
Term
Symptom
Definition
the effects caused by a problem, serve as observable clues that a problem may exist
Term
Business Opportunity
Definition
a situation in which there is potential for competitive advantage
Term
Ambiguous Situations
Definition
Existence of an opportunity or problem may not be obvious. Precise nature of the problem is not known.
Term
Exploratory Research
Definition
identify problems or opportunities, discover alternatives. Purpose is to clarify ambiguous situations, but not intended to provide answers to problems or opportunities.
Term
Descriptive Research
Definition
describes people, organizations, customers, groups that are relevant to the business decision. Usually done after a problem or opportunity is well understood
Term
Causal Research
Definition
answers how will a change in one even in a manager's control change another event of interest
Term
Diagnostic Analysis
Definition
type of descriptive research that seeks to discover reasons for business outcomes
Term
Temporal Sequence
Definition
cause happens first, then effect.
Term
Concomitant Variation
Definition
simply means two variables are related
Term
Non-spurious Relationship
Definition
concomitant variation is evidence that one variable causes another. This one is extremely tough to establish.
Term
Spurious Relationship
Definition
data on two variables are correlated but variables are not directly related to one another
Term
Absolute Causality
Definition
cause is necessary and sufficient to bring about the effect
Term
Conditional Causality
Definition
Cause is necessary, but not sufficient, to bring about an effect. Ex. smoking and lung cancer
Term
Contributory Causality
Definition
Cause does contribute to effect, but the cause is not necessary or sufficient to bring about the effect. Weakest, and most common form of causality. Multiple causes may have the same effect.
Term
Research Design
Definition
detailed, carefully constructed plan of the methods and procedures for collecting and analyzing data.
Term
Informed Consent
Definition
Informing potential participants about your research project, then asking them for their written consent to use them for research
Term
Minimal risk
Definition
the probability and magnitude of harm or discomfort anticipated in the research are not greater in and of themselves than those ordinarily encountered in daily life or during the performance of routine physical or psychological examinations or tests
Term
Placebo
Definition
something that appears to be a treatment applied to the participant, but in actuality does nothing
Term
Simple Random Sample
Definition
when all members of the population have an equal probability of being selected for the sample
Term
Unbiased estimator
Definition
when a sample estimate of a population parameter on average returns the true population parameter
Term
Bias
Definition
when a sample estimate on average returns a value different than the population paramter
Term
Random Sampling Error
Definition
Statistical fluctuations determined by chance due to random sampling
Term
Systematic Error
Definition
some imperfect aspect of your research design causes additional error
Term
Sample Bias
Definition
the persistent tendency of the results to be biased due to a problem in the sampling procedure
Term
Nonresponse Error
Definition
systematic error that occurs when individuals surveyed choose not to participate in the research, and the choice to not participate may be related to the outcome variable
Term
Self-selection
Definition
bias the results from nonresponse error. Example: Viterbo Awareness Survey
Term
Response Bias
Definition
a bias that exists when respondents either consciously or unconsciously give answers to questions that misrepresent the truth
Term
Unconscious Response Bias
Definition
well meaning respondents unconsciously give answers that misrepresent the truth. Examples: Aircraft preference, future buying behaviors, and reporting past activities
Term
Acquiescence Bias
Definition
when respondents tend to agree or disagree with every statement
Term
Extremity Bias
Definition
when respondents choose to use extreme responses on a scale
Term
Social Desirability Bias
Definition
either consciously or unconsciously, respondents give answers to appear prestigious, socially conscious or avoid appearing socially unattractive
Term
Nominal Data
Definition
qualitative data the consists of categories that cannot be ordered in a meaningful way. Example: Store Location
Term
Ordinal Data
Definition
qualitative data, but order is meaningful, but quantitative value assigned to categories are meaningless. Example: Rating something Excellent, Good, or Poor.
Term
Interval Data
Definition
order is meaningful, and distances are meaningful. Examples: Temperature and time
Term
Ratio Data
Definition
order, difference, and zero are all meaningful. Examples: weight, prices, and speed
Term
Fixed Alternative Questions
Definition
questions where the interviewer provides only a limited number of answers to choose from. Example Yes/No question
Term
Frequency Determination Questions
Definition
Questions which ask for how often some occurrence generally happens
Term
Checklist Question
Definition
fixed-alternative question that allows respondents to provide multiple answer to a question
Term
Ordinal Scales
Definition
Responses to a question that have a natural order/ranking
Term
Leading Questions
Definition
Questions that lead the respondent to a particular conclusion
Term
Loaded Questions
Definition
Questions that suggest a socially desirable answer, or questions or answers that are emotionally charged
Term
Funnel Technique
Definition
Strategy of asking general questions before specific questions in order to limit question-sequence bias
Term
Filter Question
Definition
To eliminate bias caused by lack of knowledge or prior opinion, first ask questions that reveal the respondent's background on the topic, then proceed only if there is sufficient background
Term
Statistics
Definition
the study of how to use data to answer interesting questions
Term
Population
Definition
the complete collection of all elements to be studied
Term
Census
Definition
collection of data that includes every member of the population
Term
Sample
Definition
collection of data from a subset of members from a population
Term
Sample frame Error
Definition
when some members of a population are excluded from the sampling frame
Term
Multi-stage Sampling
Definition
when the means of taking a sample is broken into stages
Term
Sampling unit
Definition
element or group of elements that is selected to a sample
Term
Random Sampling Error
Definition
difference between the sample statistic and population parameter
Term
Systematic Sampling Error
Definition
errors that are not due to chance, but are due to flaws in the way the sample is drawn
Term
Probability Sampling
Definition
every member of the population has a known, non-zero, probability of being selected into the population
Term
Non-probability Sampling
Definition
Sampling technique in which elements of a population are selected based on person judgment of convenience
Term
Convenience Sampling
Definition
sampling technique where most convenient elements are drawn from the population
Term
Judgment Sampling
Definition
researcher uses his or her own judgment for determining who is put in the sample. Example: test markets for new products
Term
Quota Sampling
Definition
put a minimum requirement on the number of observations that must be drawn from a number of subgroups
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