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B) Unit Eight
Infection & Diseases: Intro to Microbial Pathogenesis
42
Microbiology
Undergraduate 3
10/24/2013

Additional Microbiology Flashcards

 


 

Cards

Term

Pathology:

Infections:

Definition

1) Disease: abnormal state in which the body isn't capable of carrying on it's normal function


2) Infection: invasion or colonization of the body by pathogenic microbes


3) Pathogens: disease causing microbes (Pathology-study of disease)


4) Etiology: study of disease

Term

Pathology:

Normal Flora: Commensals(Neither harm or benefit the carrying host)

Definition

Location: skin, mouth, L.I., URT (nose/throat), eyes (conjuctiva), and urinary and genital tract


 Location and concentration are important bc:

 

~Antibodies to the normal flora exist in our bodies, but at lower concentrations than would exist for pathogenic bacteria.

Term

Pathology:

Severity or Duration of a Disease:

Definition

1) Acute: disease develops rapidly, but last a short time


2) Chronic: disease develops slowly, bodies rxs are less severe, and disease process is likely to be continual or recurrent for a long time


3) Subacute: disease that is intermediate between acute & chronic


4) Latent: causative agent remains inactive for a period of time, but then becomes active

Term

Types of Infections:

Localized and Generalized or Systemic

Definition

1) Localized: Microbes limited to an area, like boils or abscessess

 
2) Generalized or Systemic: Microbes or products spread via the blood & lymphatic system

Term

Types of Infections:
Nosocomial~ Hospital acquired

Definition
  • CDC estimates 5-15% of all hospital patients will acquire a noscomial infection
  • Rate of such infections has increased 36% over last 20yrs
  • In US, 2M ppl will contract; 20,000 ppl die yearly
    Types of infections= UTI's, surigcal sites, & Lower RT

         Types of microbes = E.Coli, Staph/Stept., Pseudomonas

Term

Types of Infections:

Bacterium, Septicemia, Toxemia, Viremia, Pyemia

Definition
  1. Bacterium: bacteria in the blood
  2. Septicemia: bacteria multiplying in blood
  3. Toxemia: toxins in the blood (tetanus)
  4. Viremia: viruses in blood
  5. Pyemia: pus forming microbes in blood
Term
General Patters of Infections:
Definition

     Signs: Measured               Symptom: how pt. feels


  1. Period of Incubation
  2. Prodromal Syndrome
  3. Period of Invasion
  4. Acme or Fastigium (# of microbes aren't increasing)
  5. Period of Decline (immune sys. or antibiotics, sympts decrea.)
  6. Period of Convalescence or recover
Term

Emerging Infectious Diseases:

Definition
  • New or changing diseases
  • Examples: HIV, HCV, E. Coli 0157;H7, Ebola, Coccidiomycosis
  • Why~ Jump species, ecological changes, antibiotic resistance, Increase in population, changes in pathogenicity, air travel or migration, changes in host susceptibility, & societal changes
Term

Spread of Infection:

Non-communicable Diseases

Definition
  • Is not spread from one host to another

  • Caused by: microorganisms that normally inhabit the body and only occasionally produce disease or by microorg. that reside outside the body and produce disease only when introduced into the body. ex: Tetanus via abrasion/wound
Term

Spread of Infection:

Communicable Diseases

Definition
  1. Contact Transmission: the spread of an agent of disease by direct contact (person-person), indirect contact (non-living object), or droplet transmission (mucus droplets)


  2. Vehicle Transmission: trans. of disease agents by a medium, such as water (contamations in H2O) , food (food poisioning or tapeworm), or air(sneezing, coughing)
Term

Spread of Infection:

Communicable Diseases (contin.)

Definition
  1. Arthropod Vectors: animals that carry pathogens from one host to another by mechanical trans. (insects parts) or biological trans. (ingests infectious blood)

  2. Animals or Zoonoses: diseases that occur from wild/domestic animals and can be transmitted to humans (Zoonoses)

  3. Human Carriers: many ppl harbor pathogens and transmit them directly or indirectly to others, ppl with signs and sympts of a disease may transmit, also ppl harbor pathogens and transmits them to others w/o exhibiting any signs of illness.
Term

Host Parasite Relationships:

Definition
  • Symbiosis: 2 parties living together and both benefit

  • Commensalism:the living together of two organisms in a relationship that is beneficial to one and has no effect on the other (ex: normal flora)

  • Parasitism: 1 benefits, 1 party is harmed (ex: tapeworm)
Term

Intrusion of Microbes:

Portals of Entry

Definition
  1. Respiratory Tract
  2. Gastrointestional Tract
  3. Skin: mainly breaks in the skin
  4. Parenteral:depoisted directly into the tisue beneath the skin/mucous membranes (tetanus, injections)
  5. Genitourinary Tract: STD's & STI's
  6. Placental
Term

Intrusion of Microbes:

How Microbes Cause Disease~ Invasive

Definition

1) Physiological Features: pilli, flagella, capsule, CW M protein which helps microbe attach to host & resist WBC's (pyogenes)

 

2) Exoenzyme Production:

Hemolysins- breakdown of RBC

Leukocidins- destroys WBC

Coagulase- coagulates the blood protein fibriogen to produce fibrin blood clots. Produced by pathogenic staph.

Term

Exoenzyme Production: contin.

Definition

Kinase- enzymes that dissolves blood clots (Steptokinase/staphlokinase)

 

Hyaluronidase- "spreading factor", hyaluronic acid to increase tissue permeability *tissue blackening*, prod. by Clostridium sp.

 

Immunoglobulin A Proteases- enzymes that digest IgA, bacterial escape= mucousal defense, prod. by H. influenzae & S. pneumoniae

Term

Production of Toxins-

Exotoxins Characteristics:

Definition

Produced by: Gram + & - bacteria (cytoplasm)

Produced when: cells are growing and released when cell dies

Heat labile protein: can break down

 

ex: -Exotoxin *heated* toxoid, then vaccine to make Ab, prevent diseases

-Toxoid given to animals will make antitoxin, tx diseases

Term

Production of Toxins-

Exotoxins Characteristics: contin.

Definition

- Lethal Doses: small

- Toxoids and antitoxins producted

- Mode of action- inhibits cell activity

- Destroys specific cells or tissues:

~ Nerve tissue= neurotoxins

~ Intestinal tissue= enterotoxins

~ Heart muscle= cardiotoxins

~ Kidneys= renaltoxins

Term

Exotoxin Examples:

Definition

Diptheria: cytotoxin produced by Cornybacterium diphtheriae
- Damages heart tissue and nerve cells

- Vaccine to prevent disease, antitoxin to treat

 

Scarlet Fever: erythrogenic produced by Streptococcus pyogens

- Red Skin Rash


Botulism: exotoxin of Clostridium botulinum, neurotox= prevents release of acetylcholine -Paralysis and loss of muscle tone Treatment: Antitoxin -Fatal food poisioning

Term

Exotoxin Examples: continued

Definition

Cholera: enterotoxin of Vibrio Cholera

- Toxin stimulates the secretion of fluids and electrolytes from small intestines resulting in severe dehydration

- Bacteria do not invade tissue

 

Tetanus or Lockjaw: neurotoxin produced by Clostridium tetani

- Toxin (tetanospasmin) causes- uncontrolable skeletal muscle contractions

- Vaccines to prevent (DTAP) & Antitoxin to treat

Term

Endotoxin Characteristics:

Definition

Produced by: Gram NEG. bacteria only

Produced when: cells die

 

~Heat stabile lipopolysaccharide protein

~No toxoid or antitoxins

Term

Endotoxin Characteristics:

Definition

- Lethal dose larger than exotoxins

Mode of Action- effect non-specific tissue

- Release "fever inducing substances" from neutrophils

- Activation of blood clotting proteins that causes blood clots to obstruct capillaries resulting in tissue death (Disseminated Intravascular Clotting Disease= DIC)

Can lead to: shock and death

Term

Endotoxin Examples:

Definition

- Typhoid Fever

- Meningococcal meningitis

 

Can be treated by: Antibiotics to release more endotoxins or Treat symptoms until endotoxin breaks down

 

Term




Control of Microorganisms in food include these methods:

Definition

1) Pasteurization
2) Freezing & Refrigeration
3) Radiation
4) Canning

5) Chemicals

6) High Osmotic Pressure

7) Drying and Dessication


 

Term

 



Pasteurization:

Definition
  • Mechanism of Action: protein denatures

  • Use: heat treatment for milk that kills all pathogens and most non-pathogens
Term

 

 

 

Freezing & Refrigeration:

Definition
  • Mechanism of Action: Freezing & Refrigeration = decrease chemical reactions and poss. change in proteins

  • Use:Effective method for preserving microbial cultures, in which cultures are quickly frozen
Term




Radiation:

 

 

Definition
  • Mechanism of Action: Ionizing= Destruction of DNA,

                                      Nonionizing= Damage of DNA


  • Uses: Ionizing- not widespread routine

                Non-Ionizing- radation is not very penetrated

Term

 



Canning:

Definition
  • Mechanism of Action: many industries have standards for amount of thermophilic bateria allowed
  •  Uses: If canned foods are exposed to high heat temps, the thermophilic bacteria that we commercially standardized for saftey can reappear causing food spoilage
Term

Food Microbiology: Use of Microorganisms


Dairy Products:

Definition
  1. Milk: Sterlile when in udder

  2.  Cheese:
    - Seperates whey (liquid) from protein curd (casein)
    - Use S.lactis and S.cremoris to produce latic acid
    - Cheese classified according to hardness
    - Inoculated with additional microbes to produce various
      types if cheese
Term

Food Microobiology: Use of Microorganisms


Dairy Products (Continued)

Definition

3) Butter: fat globules

- Leuconstoc sp.- produces diacetyls

- Requires: S. lactis & S.cremoris


4) Buttermilk- like butter, but use skim milk & microbe

5) Yogurt: low fat evaporated milk

- Lactobacillus & S. thermophilus

6) Kefir & Kumiss- Milk fermented with yeast

Term

 Food Microbiology: Use of Mircroorganisms

 

Non- Dairy Products:

Definition
  1. Bread: Made with yeast, CO2 makes bread rise

  2. Sauerkraut, Pickles, Olives: made with Leuconstoc & Lactobacill.

  3. Soy Sauce: made with Aspergillus oryzae
Term

 Food Microobiology: Use of Microorganisms


Beverages

Definition
  1.  Cider: apples contain sugars and yeast

  2. Vinegar: -Acetobacter or Gluconobacter
    - Made from cide or wine
    - Converts ethanol to acetic acid

  3. Alcoholic Beverages: -Beer=barley or other carbohydr. -Wine=grape -Sake=rice
    -Rum=
    sugar cane

    -Vodka=
    potatoes

Term

Food Microobiology: Use of Microorganisms


Single Celled Protein: (SCP)

Definition
  • Microbes are high in protein

  • Supplement diet with microbes

  • Used in: Animal foddes (animal food)

  • Torula sp.(yeast) and certain bacteria used.
Term

Industrial Microbiology-

 

Amino Acid Production:

Definition

1) Glutamic Acid:

- 600,000 tons/year

- Food condiment

- MSG~ food allergies

- Produced by~ Micrococcus and Corynebacterium glutamicum


2) Lysine:

- 70,000 tons/year

- 30% used for industrial purposes

Term

 Industrial Microbiology-

 

Citric Acid Production:

Definition
  • 300,000 tons/year
  • Aspergillus niger converts: molasses to citric acid
  • 70% used in the food industry; 30% used for industrial purposes
Term

Industrial Microbiology-  

 

Enzymes:

Definition

1) Proteases: break down proteins

- Aspergillus sp. & Bacillus sp.

-Detergents, meat tenderizers, leather production, chill-proffing beer


2) Amylases: break down starches

- Aspergillus sp. & Bacillus sp.


 3) Lactase: break down lactose
     -Yeast

Term

Industrial Microbiology-

 

 Antibiotic Prodution:

 

Definition

1) Fungal Sources:

- Penicillium & Cephalosporium

- Penicillin, cephalothins, and griseofluvin


 2) Bacterial Sources:

- Bacillus sp.- bacitracin & polymyxin

- Streptoyces sp.- streptomycin, tetracycline, amphotercin, chloramphenicol

Term

Industrial Microbiology-

 

 Agricultural Uses:

Definition

1) Rhizobium: Nitrogen fixation

- Symbiotic realtion with~ legumes

- Mixed with peat moss to retain moisture and then seeded with legumes to ensure infection of the plant


 2) Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt)

- Microbe eats mosquito larvae

- Used in~ Municipal Control® programs & home gardeners

Term



Alternative Energy Sources:

Definition

 1) Biomass: organic matter produced by living organisms including crops, waste, & trees


 2) Bioconversion: using microbes to convert biomass


3) Biofuels: ethanol from agricultural crops

Term



Genetic Engineering:

Definition

1) Recombinant DNA- any artificial manipulation of genes within a species or between diff. species


2) Restriction Enzymes- enzymes that cut DNA into pieces that are easy to recombine in-vitro


3) Vector- plasmid or virus that inserts genes into a cell


4) Clone- genetically identical cells

Term

 


Medical Therapy:

Definition
  • Human insulin~ E.Coli carries human gene that makes this hormone

  •  Human Growth Hormone (Somatostatin)

  • Hep. B. Vaccine~ yeast carries VIRAL gene
Term

 


Gene Theapy:

Definition
  1. Replace: defective or mutated gene

  2. Cystic Fibrosis: inhalation of a harmless cold virus that carries the healthy gene that the person lacks

  3. Agammaglobulinemia: inability to produce Anti-Bodies

  4. Addition of: genetically engineered virus to the bone marrow
Term

 Genetic Engieering: Applications


Agricultural Uses:

Definition
  • Bovine Growth Horomone (BGH)
    - E. Coli carries gene

    - Gene for pest resistance inserted into plants

    - Insertion of N-fixation genes into plants
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