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BSI Test 3
Test 3 Flascards (Tissues, Kreb's, Glycolysis, etc)
88
Physiology
Graduate
10/23/2013

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Term
O2•-
Definition
Superoxide
Term
HO•
Definition
Hydroxyl radical
Term
NO•
Definition
nitric oxide
Term
H2O2
Definition
Hydrogen peroxide
Term
ONOO -
Definition
Peroxynitrite
Term
Glycolysis rate limiting enzymes
Definition
Hexokinase, PFK, Pyruvate kinase
Term
Stimulates Glycolysis
Definition
ADP & Pi, insulin, epinephrine
Term
Inhibits Glycolysis
Definition
ATP, glucagon (in liver)
Term
Products of Glycolysis
Definition
2 ATP, 2 NADH
Term
Kreb's Cycle rate limiting enzymes
Definition
Pyruvate dehydrogenase, Citrate synthase, isocitrate dehydrogenase, ά-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase
Term
Stimulate Kreb's Cycle
Definition
ADP, NAD+
Term
Inhibit Kreb's Cycle
Definition
ATP, NADH
Term
Products of Kreb's Cycle
Definition
3 NADHs, 1 FADH2, 1 ATP (times two)
Term
Which protein complexes pump protons?
Definition
1, 3 and 4. Pump 10 at a time.
Term
Stimulates ETC
Definition
ADP, Pi
Term
Inhibits ETC
Definition
ATP
Term
Glycogenesis
Definition
Making glycogen from glucose
Term
Glycogenolysis
Definition
Breakdown of glycogen to glucose
Term
Gluconeogenesis
Definition
Making glucose from a non-carb source
Term
Rate limiting enzyme of glycogenesis
Definition
glycogen synthase
Term
Rate limiting enzyme of glycogenolysis
Definition
Glycogen phosphorylase
Term
Non-carb sources for Gluconeogenesis
Definition
Certain amino acids, lactate, glycerol, Kreb's cycle intermediates (OAA)
Term
Stimulates glycogenolysis
Definition
AMP, glucagon, epinephrine
Term
Inhibits glycogenolysis
Definition
ATP, insulin
Term
Stimulates glycogenesis
Definition
Insulin
Term
Inhibits glycogenesis
Definition
Glucagon, epinephrine (in liver)
Term
Stimulates gluconeogenesis
Definition
Glucagon
Term
Inhibits gluconeogenesis
Definition
Insulin
Term
Glucose transporters
Definition
glut-4 transporter (skeletal muscle, adipose tissue, & heart) and glut-3 transporter (brain)
Term
What is beta-oxidation
Definition
Oxidative removal of successive 2-carbon units in the form of acetyl-CoA
Term
Structure of triglyceride
Definition
3 fatty acids attached to a glycerol molecule
Term
What is lipolysis?
Definition
Removal of fatty acid from triglycerides
Term
What does hormone sensitive lipase do?
Definition
Removes fatty acids from glycerol backbone
Term
Inhibits lipolysis
Definition
Insulin
Term
Stimulates Lipolysis
Definition
Glucagon and epinephrine
Term
Products of b-oxidation
Definition
1 FADH2, 1 NADH, 1 acetyl-CoA
Term
Ketone bodies
Definition
acetoacetate, B-hydroxybutyrate, acetone
Term
Ketogenesis occurs in situations with..
Definition
high b-oxidation and low carb
Term
When does ketoacidosis occur most?
Definition
in uncontrolled type 1 diabetes
Term
What regulates ketogenesis?
Definition
Insulin and glucagon
Term
Stimulates ketogenesis
Definition
Glucagon
Term
Inhibits ketogenesis
Definition
Insulin
Term
What leads to higher blood glucose levels?
Definition
↓ utilization of glucose, ↑ gluconeogenesis, ↑ glycogenolysis
Term
What stimulates adipocytes?
Definition
↑ lipolysis, ↑ b-oxidation
Term
What is the yield of ATP during oxidation of 1 molecule of palmitoyl-CoA (16 C) to CO2 and H2O?
CC/CC/CC/CC/CC/CC/CC/CC
Definition
8 Acetyl CoA, 7 FADH2, 7 NADH
8 Acetyl CoA x 10 → 80 ATP just from Acetyl CoA going into Krebs Cycle
7 FADH2→ 17.5 ATP
7 NADH → 10.5 ATP
Term
What is beta-oxidation
Definition
Oxidative removal of successive 2-carbon units in the form of acetyl-CoA
Term
Structure of triglyceride
Definition
3 fatty acids attached to a glycerol molecule
Term
What is lipolysis?
Definition
Removal of fatty acid from triglycerides
Term
What does hormone sensitive lipase do?
Definition
Removes fatty acids from glycerol backbone
Term
Inhibits lipolysis
Definition
Insulin
Term
Stimulates Lipolysis
Definition
Glucagon and epinephrine
Term
Products of b-oxidation
Definition
1 FADH2, 1 NADH, 1 acetyl-CoA
Term
Ketone bodies
Definition
acetoacetate, B-hydroxybutyrate, acetone
Term
Ketogenesis occurs in situations with..
Definition
high b-oxidation and low carb
Term
When does ketoacidosis occur most?
Definition
in uncontrolled type 1 diabetes
Term
What regulates ketogenesis?
Definition
Insulin and glucagon
Term
Stimulates ketogenesis
Definition
Insulin
Term
Inhibits ketogenesis
Definition
Glucagon
Term
What leads to higher blood glucose levels?
Definition
↓ utilization of glucose, ↑ gluconeogenesis, ↑ glycogenolysis
Term
What stimulates adipocytes?
Definition
↑ lipolysis, ↑ b-oxidation
Term
What is the yield of ATP during oxidation of 1 molecule of palmitoyl-CoA (16 C) to CO2 and H2O?
CC/CC/CC/CC/CC/CC/CC/CC
Definition
8 Acetyl CoA, 7 FADH2, 7 NADH
8 Acetyl CoA x 10 → 80 ATP just from Acetyl CoA going into Krebs Cycle
7 FADH2→ 17.5 ATP
7 NADH → 10.5 ATP
Term
What do ROS/RNS do?
Definition
Act as signaling molecules & Damage other molecules
Term
How do ROS/RNS react with other molecules?
Definition
Attach itself to another molecule, act as an oxidizing agent, act as reducing agents
Term
How are ROS/RNS produced?
Definition
In mitochondria during aerobic respiration, WBC, environmental/external sources that stimulate the production (UV light, ionizing radiation, smoking, air pollution, medications)
Term
How do cells protect against ROS/RNS?
Definition
Antioxidants, enzymatic antioxidants, non-enzymatic antioxidants
Term
Enzymatic antioxidants
Definition
Superoxide dismutase, catalase, glutathione peroxidase
Term
Non-enzymatic antioxidants
Definition
Glutathione
Term
What is glutathione?
Definition
is a tripeptide (cyteine, glutamate, glycine) synthesized in the liver and then transported to other tissues
Term
How can ROS/RNS cause disease and/or contribute to disease progression?
Definition
Damage DNA, proteins, and lipids
Term
Simple squamous found in
Definition
Kidney, air sacs of lungs, lining of heart, blood vessels, lymphatic vessels
Term
Stratified squamous found in
Definition
Mouth, vagina, esophagus, epidermis
Term
Simple cuboidal found in
Definition
Kidney tubules, ducts and secretory portions of small glands
Term
Simple squamous function
Definition
Passage of materials by diffusion and filtration
Term
Stratified squamous function
Definition
Protects underlying tissues in areas subjected to abrasion
Term
Simple cuboidal function
Definition
For secretion and absorption
Term
Stratified cuboidal found in
Definition
Largest ducts of sweat/mammory/salivary glands
Term
Stratified cuboidal function
Definition
Protection
Term
Simple columnar found in
Definition
most of digestive tract and excretory ducts
Term
Simple columnar function
Definition
Absorption secretion of mucus, enzymes & other substances
Term
Stratified columnar found in
Definition
Rare. Some male urethra and in large ducts of some glands
Term
Stratified columnar function
Definition
Protection & secretion
Term
Pseudostratified found in
Definition
Sperm carrying ducts, trachea and air tract
Term
Pseudostratified function
Definition
Secretion of mucus
Term
Transitional function
Definition
Stretches readily and permits distension of urinary organ
Term
Transitional found in
Definition
Lines ureters, bladder and part of urethra
Term
Exocrine glands
Definition
ducts carry products of exocrine glands to epithelial surface
Term
Exocrine gland examples
Definition
mucus-secreting glands, sweat/oil glands, salivary glands
Term
Endocrine glands
Definition
ductless glands that secret substances directly into the bloodstream. Produce hormones.
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