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BSC 145
Exam 3
123
Biology
Undergraduate 1
10/16/2012

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Term
What is a benign tumor?
Definition
A tumor that is surrounded by a connective tissue capsule and usually does not spread.
Term
What is a malignant tumor?
Definition
A tumor that spreads from the site of origin to other parts of the body.
Term
What is metastasis?
Definition
The spread of cancer through the body.
Term
What is in situ? Which type of tumor does refer to?
Definition
In situ refers to the place of origin of a malignant tumor.
Term
What is carcinoma?
Definition
Cells that cover internal and external body surfaces, cancer of epithelial tissue, found in lungs, breast, colon, bladder, and prostate in men.
Term
What is leukemia?
Definition
Affects the blood cells.
Term
What is lymphoma?
Definition
Cancer of lymphatic tissue.
Term
What is sarcoma?
Definition
Cancer in muscles and connective tissue, bones and fibrous connective tissue.
Term
What is a mutation?
Definition
A mutation is a change in the DNA sequence.
Term
What are proto-oncogenes?
Definition
Proto-oncogenes are a gene that codes proteins that promote the cell cycle and prevent apoptosis.
Term
What are oncogenes?
Definition
Oncogenes are the mutation of the pro-oncogenes and cause cancer.
Term
What are tumor suppressor genes?
Definition
Tumor suppressor genes inhibit the cell cycle and promote apoptosis.
Term
What is apoptosis?
Definition
Apoptosis is programmed cell death.
Term
What happens when a proto-oncogene mutates?
Definition
When a proto-oncogene mutates it becomes an oncogene which are cancer causing.
Term
What is the mutation of a proto-oncogene into an oncogene considered?
Definition
This is considered a gain of function mutation.
Term
What are the four most common cancers in males?
Definition
Prostate 25%, lung and bronchus 15%, colon and rectum 10%, urinary bladder 7%.
Term
What are the four most common cancers in females?
Definition
Breast 27%, lung and bronchus 14%, colon and rectum 10%, uterine corpus 6%.
Term
What is the result of a mutation in a tumor suppressor gene?
Definition
A mutation in the tumor suppressor gene causes it to no longer be able to inhibit the cell cycle or promote apoptosis.
Term
What is the mutation in a tumor suppressor gene considered?
Definition
This is considered a loss of function mutation.
Term
Which cancer causes the most deaths in both males and females?
Definition
Lung and bronchus cancer.
Term
What is the term that refers to the formation of cancer?
Definition
Carcinogenesis.
Term
What are the main differences between cancer cells and normal cells?
Definition
Cancer cells lack differentiation, they are not specialized like normal cells and do not contribute to the function of a body part, they have abnormal nuclei, replicate an unlimited number of times and do not die, no contact inhibition, no need for growth factors and do not respond to inhibitory growth factors
Term
How often do cancer cells reproduce?
Definition
Every 2 to 6 weeks.
Term
What is angiogenesis?
Definition
The formation of new blood vessels.
Term
How does cancer spread?
Definition
Cancer spreads by entering the bloodstream.
Term
What is the function of gene p53?
Definition
Gene p53 is a tumor suppressor gene. It causes apoptosis when there is a mutation in the DNA sequence of a cell and it is not repaired.
Term
What are the causes of cancer?
Definition
Heredity and environmental factors such as radiation, organic chemicals, pollutants, viruses and dietary choices.
Term
What are the most common types of skin cancer and where are they found?
Definition
Basal cell carcinoma - basal layer of the epidermis.
Squamous cell carcinoma - squamous cells, the most abundant cells in the skin.
Melanoma - found in the basal layer also the most deadly skin cancer.
Term
What are the reproductive cancers found in females?
Definition
Breast cancer and cervical cancer.
Term
What are the reproductive cancers found in males?
Definition
Testicular cancer and prostate cancer.
Term
What does the Prostate-Specific Antigen (PSA) Test look for?
Definition
PSA, a protein produced by the cells of the prostate gland.
Term
After being diagnosed with lung cancer, what percent die within a year?
Definition
75%.
Term
What are the parts of the respiratory tree?
Definition
The trachea, bronchus, bronchiole, primary bronchi, and alveoli.
Term
What is the function of the trachea?
Definition
Brances to the lungs.
Term
What is the function of the bronchus?
Definition
Conducts air to the lungs.
Term
What is the function of the bronchiole?
Definition
Tree-like limbs.
Term
What is the function of the primary bronchi?
Definition
Main site of origin, gets bronchial cancer.
Term
What is the function of the alveoli?
Definition
Air sacs of the lungs, gas exchange.
Term
What is a bronchoscopy?
Definition
Sampling the bronchiole.
Term
What is cytology?
Definition
Cancer detection, looking at cells.
Term
What is an antibody?
Definition
Self molecule, made by the body.
Term
What is an antigen?
Definition
Non-self molecule, any substance that causes your immune system to produce antibodies against.
Term
Where can antigens be formed?
Definition
Can be a foreign substance like chemicals, bacteria, viruses, or pollen, or formed in the body as bacterial toxins or tissue cells.
Term
What is a lypmh?
Definition
Clear fluid that contains white blood cells.
Term
What are lymph nodes for?
Definition
Where immune cells congregate and where they encounter antigens.
Term
What are the characteristics of bacteria?
Definition
Single cell, prokaryotic.
Term
What are examples of bacterial infections?
Definition
Pneumonia, tonsillitis, tuberculosis.
Term
What is a virus composed of?
Definition
An outer capsid made of protein, and inner core made of nucleic acid.
Term
As an infectious agent, where can viruses live?
Definition
Only inside the host cell.
Term
How many RNA pieces does the influenza virus have?
Definition
8 RNA pieces.
Term
In the influenza virus, what is the function of Hemagglutinin?
Definition
Attachment, unlocks the cell so the virus enters.
Term
In the influenza virus, what is the function of Neuraminidase?
Definition
Release and penetration, release to get the virus back out.
Term
How is influenza mostly spread?
Definition
By droplet/aerosol infection.
Term
What is antigenetic drift?
Definition
When mutations of the nucleic acid of the spike protein bring about small change in antigens.
Term
What is antigenetic shift?
Definition
When two different influenza viruses attack the same cell, which causes the rearrangement of the viral genome.
Term
Is antigenetic drift or antigenetic shift worse?
Definition
Antigenetic shift.
Term
What is zoonosis?
Definition
A disease humans may acquire from animals.
Term
What is the genetic material for flu?
Definition
RNA, able to mutate frequently.
Term
What is Edward Jenner known for?
Definition
Developed the first vaccination for small pox.
Term
What are the three steps in immunization?
Definition
1. Exposure to harmless agents
2. Stimulate the immune response
3. Develop immunological memory for future protection
Term
What are the two kinds of immunity and how are they different? Examples?
Definition
Active and Passive.
Active - provides long lasting protection against a disease causing virus. (Example, Vaccination)
Passive - short lived immunity, Newborn & mother, Gamma globulin (antibodies).
Term
In the video, "Why does evolution matter?", sicknesses are caused by small particles that are able to cause disease and survive in human beings. These are known as...?
Definition
Microbes.
Term
In the video, "Why does evolution matter?", why is tuberculosis becoing resistant to multiple medications?
Definition
Tuberculosis is becoming resistant to multiple medications because when antibiotics are taken to kill the bacteria, it kills some of the bacteria but other parts of the bacteria are immune to the antibiotics. Those resistant/immune bacteria can multiply and evolve, which can lead to multi-drug resistant Tuberculosis.
Term
What is naturally acquired active immunity?
Definition
Infection, contact with pathogen.
Term
What is naturally acquired passive immunity?
Definition
Antibodies passed from mother to fetus/infant.
Term
What is artificially acquired active immunity?
Definition
Vaccine, dead or attenuated pathogens.
Term
What is artificially acquired passive immunity?
Definition
Injection of immune system serum (gamma globulin).
Term
What is an endemic disease? Example?
Definition
An endemic disease is a disease normally found in the population. For example, the common cold.
Term
What is a disease that many people acquire over a short amount of time called?
Definition
An epidemic disease, like the flu.
Term
HIV is an example of what type of disease?
Definition
A pandemic disease, which is a world-wide epidemic disease.
Term
The _____ ("fire maker from within") tried to protect you by producing fever and _____ are the proteins that interact with cells of the immune system and increase the thermostatic center in the hypothalamus creating a higher body temperature.
Definition
Endogenous pyrogen, cytokines.
Term
What does the Complement System protect against? How?
Definition
Bacteria; the complement proteins make holes in the bacterial cell which allows fluids and salts to enter the bacterium until it expands so much that it bursts.
Term
What is the responsibility of Interferon (IFN)?
Definition
Interferes with viral replication and protects neighboring cells when a virus is present.
Term
How could you tell if a person was dehydrated?
Definition
By their plasma, because plasma is made up of mostly water (92%); 7% plasma proteins and 1% other solutes
Term
What makes up the formed elements?
Definition
Platelets and white blood cells (0.1%) and red blood cells (99.9%)
Term
Another word for white blood cells is _____, and the normal range for these white blood cells is _____.
Definition
Leukocytes, 5,000 to 10,000.
Term
Another word for red blood cells (the cells that transport oxygen) is ____.
Definition
Erythrocytes.
Term
What are the most common causes of neutrophils?
Definition
Infection (bacterial)/inflammation and neutrophils are the biggest portion of leukocytes.
Term
What is chemotaxis?
Definition
Chemotaxis is the process of neutrophils migrating to the site of infection.
Term
What do eosinophils do?
Definition
Destroy antigen-antibody complexes. For example, allergies and asthma.
Term
What do basophils do?
Definition
Release histamine and promote blood flow to injured tissue.
Term
What is the difference between phagocytes and macrophages?
Definition
Phagocytes are the main killer of pathogens, they engulf and kill/eat pathogens.

Macrophages are professional phagocytes that kill intracellular pathogens, pus (dead white blood cells) usually forms after this. Monocytes and neutrophils can become macrophages.
Term
What do suppressor T-cells do?
Definition
Suppressor T-Cells suppress immune responses after an antigen has been destroyed and prevents an overactive immune system.
Term
True or false: B-cells are associated with cell-medicated immunity, originate from bone marrow and mature in the thymus gland.
Definition
FALSE

T-Cells are associated with cell-mediated immunity, originate in bone marrow and mature in the thymus gland while B-Cells are associated with Antibody Mediated Immunity/Humoral Immunity, and originate AND mature in bone marrow. After maturity both enter the lymph nodes and spleen where they can look for foreign invaders in the bloodstream.
Term
True or false: Plasma b-cells secrete antibodies (immunoglobulins).
Definition
TRUE

Plasma B-Cells secrete antibodies (Immunoglobulins) and Memory B-Cells retain immunological memory so the bacteria is easier to fight off if it comes again.
Term
Which t-cells orchestrate the immune response?
Definition
Helper T-Cells; they also enhance specific and nonspecific defenses by stimulating other immune cells.
Term
What do cytotoxic t-cells do?
Definition
Cytotoxic T-Cells attack and destroy abnormal cells
Term
_____ t-cells reactivate upon later exposure to the same antigen to form helper and cytotoxic t-cells.
Definition
Memory t-cells.
Term
What type of immunity are t-cells associated with?
Definition
T-cells are associated with cell mediated immunity.
Term
What attracts phagocytes to an infection?
Definition
Phagocytes are attracted to an infection by chemotaxis.
Term
What is the function of vasodilation in inflammation?
Definition
Vasodilation allows white blood cells to enter the blood stream.
Term
What is the functin of histamine in inflammation?
Definition
Histamine dialates the capillaries, which brings blood to the scene.
Term
What are the symptoms of an inflammatory response?
Definition
Heat and redness, swelling, pain, puss.
Term
What causes an inflammatory response?
Definition
Vasodilation causes heat and redness, histamine causes swelling, bradykinins or kinins cause pain and phagocytic migration causes puss.
Term
Who was Alexander Fleming?
Definition
He discovered penicillin, the first antibiotic.
Term
How do antibiotics work?
Definition
Antibiotics work by attacking the cell wall of the bacteria?
Term
What causes MRSA?
Definition
MRSA is caused by the resistance to several antibiotics.
Term
What is the difference between allergies and autoimmune diseases?
Definition
Allergies are the body’s immune system overreacting to substances in the environment, or allergens. Autoimmune diseases happen when T cells launch attack against it’s own cells.
Term
What is the body's response to an allergen?
Definition
1. Allergen
2. Plasma B cells make IgE antibody
3. IgE antibody attaches to mast cells
4. Which then release histamine
Term
What is anaphylaxis?
Definition
Type of allergic reaction when a person has become sensitized to a certain allergen and after being exposed to the allergen histamines and other substances released into the bloodstream cause blood vessels to dilate and tissues to swell.
Term
What is the action of histamine?
Definition
Dilate capillaries, which causes eyes to water, running nose, sneezing, and itchy throat.
Term
What is a neutrophil?
Definition
A granular leukocyte that is the most abundant of the white blood cells and is the first to respond to an infection.
Term
What is a lymphocyte?
Definition
A specialized white blood cell that functions in specific defense. It occurs in two forms (t-cells and b-cells).
Term
What is a monocyte?
Definition
A type of agranular white blood cell that functions as a phagocyte and an antigen-presenting cell.
Term
What is an eosinophil?
Definition
A white blood cell that contains cytoplasmic granules that stain with acidic dye.
Term
What is a basophil?
Definition
A white blood cell with granular cytoplasm and is able to be stained with a basic dye.
Term
What is the anagram to remember the leukocytes (white blood cells)?
Definition
Never (neutrohil)
Let (lymphocyte)
Monkeys (monocyte)
Eat (eosinophil)
Bananas (basophil)
Term
Where are t-cells produced and where do they mature?
Definition
T-cells are produced in the bone marrow and are matured in the thymus.
Term
Where are b-cells produced and where do they mature?
Definition
B-cells are produced in the bone marrow and are matured in the bone marrow. It gives rise to antibody producing plama cells when a specific antigen stimulates it.
Term
What test do doctors use to identify the type of pathogen that is causing a disease?
Definition
They run a sensitivity test, also known as the Kirby Baur. It shows the Zone of Inhibition (Zone of Death) which shows which antibody works the best. This helps identify the pathogen.
Term
Why do women suffer more urinary tract infections than men?
Definition
The urethra is located closer to the anus in females and is also shorter, allowing for bacteria to travel a shorter distance and cause infections much quicker and more frequently.
Term
What is cystitis?
Definition
A urinary or bladder infection.
Term
What is pyelonephritis?
Definition
A kidney infection.
Term
What is the best treatment for a kidney infection?
Definition
Antibiotics.
Term
What is the incidence of cancer?
Definition
Heart disease is the #1 killer in the U.S. and cancer is the #2 killer.
Term
What types of cells are associated with cell mediated immunity?
Definition
T-cells.
Term
What types of cells are associated with antibody mediated (humoral) immunity?
Definition
B-cells.
Term
What has to happen for a t-cell to process an antigen?
Definition
Antigen presenting cell (APC) engulfs a pathogen, breaks it down to fragments, which are antigenetic. The fragments are linked to a major histocompatabilitiy complex (MHC) in the plasma membrane. It can now be presented to a t-cell.
Term
What are human MHC proteins called?
Definition
Human leukocyte associated (HLA) antigens. This is a problem with tissue rejection.
Term
What is the function of bradykinins or kinins?
Definition
The function is the modulation of vascular tone.
Term
How does penicillin kill bacteria?
Definition
By interfering with the ability to synthesize the cell wall?
Term
What is the problem with MRSA?
Definition
It is antibiotic resistant.
Term
What happens when the body turns on its own cells?
Definition
Anaphylactic shock occurs.
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