Shared Flashcard Set

Details

BS 162 Final
question incorrect on previous exams
80
Biology
Undergraduate 2
04/29/2014

Additional Biology Flashcards

 


 

Cards

Term
what is true of spontaneous generation?
Definition
it is when rotting meats turns into maggots
Term
what is true if LUCA?
Definition
it evolved before the split between bacteria and archaea
Term
which event occurred in the precambrian era?
Definition
first photosynthetic cells
Term
what is not true of the Cambrian Explosion?
Definition
It was when Vendian animals first appeared
Term
group of rod shaped bacteria are called
Definition
bacilli
Term
what is true of cnidarians?
Definition
they have ectoderm and endoderm, but not a mesoderm.
Term
birds have body cavities completely lined with mesoderm, therefor birds are......
Definition
acoelmates
Term
protostomes typically have......
Definition
spiral cleavage and first pore becomes mouth
Term
is hybrid invariability post or przygotic?
Definition
post
Term
the goal of systematics is to reconstruct evolutionary histories using groups of taxa that are
Definition
monophyletic
Term
define: autapomorphy
Definition
character that is unique to a single taxon
Term
which group of prokaryotes includes some archaea?
Definition
methanogens
Term
if an animal lacks a tail, notochord, and pharyngeal gill pockets as an adult, but has them as an embryo, it is a(n)..........
Definition
deuterostome, chordate, triploblast, member of bilateria
Term
what is true of protists?
Definition
some were classified as plants in the past
Term
what is true of the cranium?
Definition
it occurs in all vertebrates
Term
bilateral symmetry...
Definition
is not found among earliest animals
makes cephalization possible
typical of triploblastic animals
found among animals that have a mesoderm
Term
mutation that leads to a codon that codes for an early stop codon
Definition
NONSENSE
Term
what is the norm of reaction?
Definition
explains why pink hydrangeas may have offspring that have blue flowers, depending on soil acidity
Term
what is true of chromosome numbers?
Definition
polyploidy is much more common in plants than in animals
Term
what is true of genomic imprinting?
Definition
in maternal imprinting, only the paternal allele is expressed
Term
What is true of the development of Charles Darwin's theory?
Definition
his theory was independently derived from that of Alfred Russel Wallace.
Term
know that extranuclear genes are inherited differently than nuclear genes are.
Definition
Term
Lamarck
Definition
Theory of use and disuse
Term
Hutton and Lyell
Definition
partners, gradualism & uniformitarianism.
Term
what is a directed mechanism of evolution?
Definition
natural selection
Term
and error in anaphase one is most likely to cause
Definition
nondisjunction
Term
what is true of inbreeding depression?
Definition
it can be an indirect evolutionary mechanism by exposing deleterious recessive alleles to selection
Term
if nondisjunction occurs in meiosis I during gametogenesis, what will be the result at the completion of meiosis?
Definition
half of the gametes will be n+1 and half will be n-1
Term
a cell that has 4n chromosomes is
Definition
polyploidy
Term
which of these conditions should allow natural selection to occur in a population over time?
Definition
variation due to genetic variability
environment changing at slow rate
population is large
no competing species present
Term
smallest unit upon which natural selection directly acts?
Definition
physical characteristic of an individual
Term
the lower the proportion of the loci that are fixed in a population, the lower is that populations....
Definition
average homozygosity
Term
natural selection ______ random mutations
Definition
filters
Term
why are viruses considered a borderline case in terms of whether or not they are living?
Definition
they evolve.
Term
what is true of x inactivation in mammals?
Definition
one of the 2 x chromosomes in each cell is randomly inactivated early in development
it happens only in female mammals
inactive x condenses into a Barr body
heterozygous female for a gene on the x chromosome will be a mosaic for that character
Term
explain bilateral symmetry
Definition
Face environment in one direction
Typically have distinct head, elongate body
Able to move unidirectionally
All triploblasts*
Sensory organs clustered in head (cephalization), locomotion posteriorly
Term
define: coelom
Definition
Internal fluid-filled cavity

True coelom forms within mesoderm
Term
what is cryptic coloration?
Definition
camoflague
look like something inedible
Term
what is aposematic coloration?
Definition
warning coloration
chemical defenses?
Term
discuss mimicry
Definition
Only works if mimic and model occur together and mimic is rarer
False advertising
Term
Batesian mimicry
Definition
Palatable species mimics noxious/dangerous one
fooling
Term
Mullerian mimicry
Definition
Noxious species convergently evolve to resemble each other
reinforcement
Term
what are parasitoids?
Definition
Insects that find and (usually) paralyze hosts
Term
what % of energy stored as biomass transferred as organic matter to next trophic level?
Definition
10%
Term
what is a keystone species?
Definition
Species that have disproportionate pivotal ecological niches that affect rest of community
--"typically not numerically abundant"
Term
what is a foundation species?
Definition
Species that dramatically alter their environment in major way
ecosystem engineers
--ex. beaver.
Term
three basic principles of conservation biology
Definition
1. process of evolution unites all of biology
2. ecological world is dynamic
3. humans are part of ecosystems
Term
know in situ vs ex situ
Definition
in situ: protected areas
ex situ: role of zoos, aquaria, and botanical gardens in conservation
Term
what determines distribution of terrestrial biomes?
Definition
abiotic factors, mainly climate
disturbance such as fires, volcanic activity
seasons
Term
General features of terrestrial biomes
Definition
named for physical climactic or vegetation characteristics.
most species found in only one or in one part of a biome
dynamic, patchy
Term
lowland tropical rain forests
Definition
near equator, warm annual mean temp, little variation, high humidity, little wind inside forest.
Term
tropical cloud forest
Definition
montane rain forest.
trees shorter, many branches, small leaves
lots of moss and tree ferns
cloud precipitation
windy
little sun
fewer species
Term
temperate deciduous forests (broadleaf)
Definition
moderate average temps - long warm summers, cold but not severe winters
abundant precipitation
Term
evergreen coniferous forests (boreal forests, taiga)
Definition
winters long, dry, cold
summers short, mild to warm
low plant diversity
acidic soil, slow rate of decomposition
Term
deserts
Definition
evaporation exceeds precipitation
hot by day cold by night
regeneration extremely slow
Term
grassland biomes
Definition
enough rainfall for grass growth
afforestation prevented by erratic rainfall, frequent fires, large grazing herbivores
interiors of continents
Term
polar grasslands (tundra)
Definition
bitter cold, high winds, long dark winters, permafrost, vegetation is thick
Term
intertidal zone
Definition
periodically submerged and exposed
highly stratified
rocky and or sandy/muddy
high biodiversity
high nutrient levels
Term
Ocean pelagic zone
Definition
open blue water
high oxygen levels
low nutrient concentrations
70% of earth's surface
dominant photosynthetic organisms phytoplankton and cyanobacteria (1/2 earth's photosynthetic activity)
Term
coral reefs
Definition
animal-dominated ecosystem
near shore or continental shelf
photic zone of tropical marine waters
low nutrients
extreme animal diversity
Term
oligotrophic lake
Definition
nutrient poor, oxygen rich
Term
eutrophic lake
Definition
nutrient rich, oxygen poor
Term
organismal ecology
Definition
how individuals interact with their environment
Term
population ecology
Definition
group of individuals of a single species occupying a particular area at the same time
how numbers of individuals in population change over time
Term
community ecology
Definition
biological community is all species interacting with each other in a certain area at a particular time
Term
ecosystems
Definition
all organisms and nonliving components of a region
Term
landscape ecology
Definition
exchanges among ecosystems
Term
global ecology
Definition
regional exchanges of energy and material influencing global functioning and distribution of organisms
Term
what are the major components of climate
Definition
temperature, moisture, sunlight, wind
Term
Spatial heterogeneity
Definition
Variation in conditions within ecosystems, etc.
Term
Temporal heterogeneity
Definition
Variation in conditions between time periods
Term
define: Paraphyletic
Definition
doesn’t include all descendants
Term
define: Polyphyletic
Definition
doesn’t include most recent common ancestor
Term
define: monophyletic group
Definition
ancestral species plus all its descendants
Term
define: synapomorphy
Definition
shared derived character that is unique to a particular clade
Term
directional selection
Definition
favors individuals at one end of phylogenic range
Term
disruptive selection
Definition
favors individuals at both extremes
Term
stabilizing selection
Definition
favors intermediate
Term
explain dispersal and vicariance
Definition
dispersal is the movement or expansion of a species into a new area
vicariance is the separation of species by a geographical barrier. eg- formation of amtn range, or rising sea levels creat islands
Term
characteristics of a deuterostome
Definition
1st opening becomes anus, radial cleavage, bilateral symmetry
Supporting users have an ad free experience!