Term
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Definition
| Found mostly attached to the skeleton, functions in locomotion, and body mvmt |
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Term
| Characteristics of Skeletal Muscle |
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Definition
striated/voluntary
unbranced fibers
peripheral nuclei
is syncytial (ie. fibers form fr fused cells) |
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Term
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Definition
found in the heart and bases of large arteries leaving it. Functions to pump blood
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Term
Characteristics of Cardiac Muscle
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Definition
Striated/involuntary
branching fibers
central nuclei
intercalated discs |
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Term
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Definition
found in wall of GI and Resp tract and other hollow organs eg.blood vessels, uterus, ect.
functions in internal mvmt of food, fluids, ect |
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Term
| Characteristics of Visceral Muscles |
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Definition
unstriated/involuntary
central nuclei- 1/cell
individual spindle shape cells |
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Term
| What are the two ways that bone is deposited? |
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Definition
Endochondral Ossification
Intramembrandous Ossification |
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Term
| What is Endochondral Ossification |
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Definition
| bone deposition withing pre-existing hyaline cartilage, most of fetal skeleton form this way, is endochondral (=replacement) bone |
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Term
| What is Intramembranous Ossification |
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Definition
bone deposition in membrand with out pre-existing cartilage, forms the roofing bones of skull and some facial bones eg. frontals, parietals, and nasals
is membrane(=dermal) bone |
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Term
| What are the four classes of organic cmpds? |
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Definition
Carbohydrates
Lipds
Amines and Proteins
Nucelotides and Nucleic acids |
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Term
| Brief description of Carbohydrates and an example |
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Definition
=simple sugars and their polymers
eg. glucose, sucrose, starch |
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Term
| Briefly describe Lipids and give an example |
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Definition
= vary in structure but all are basically non-polar and hydrophobic
eg. fats, oils, cholesterol |
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Term
| Briefly describe Amines and Proteins and give an example |
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Definition
= all have amine groups eg. amino acids, histamines, catecholamines
= proteins are amino acid (aa) polymers |
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Term
| Briefly describe Nucleotides and Nucleic Acids |
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Definition
| = each nucleotide has 3 subunits: a 5 C sugar, one or more phosphate, and nitrogen base eg.DNA, ATP, cAMP |
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Term
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Definition
1. the 5 C sugars differ- DNA= deoxyribose, RNA= ribose
2. DNA is double helix, RNA is single stranded
3. Nirtogen base differs- Thymine in DNA is replaced with Uracil in RNA |
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Term
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Definition
| = skin, comprises ~7% of body weight. Varies in thickness 0.5mm-7mm |
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Term
| List at least three functions of Integument |
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Definition
Protection
Prevention of water loss
Thermoregulation
Synthesis of Vit D |
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Term
| Describe how integument provides protection |
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Definition
| Protection= the dead surface layer (stratum corneum) is a barrier to most pathogens, it also produces anti-microbal secretions eg.lysozymes= enzymes that lyses bacteria |
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Term
| Describe how integument prevents water loss |
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Definition
| Prevention of Water loss= the st.corneum is keratinized- the keratin deposits make it relatively impermeable to water |
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Term
| Describe how integument thermoregulates our body |
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Definition
thermoregulation= regulation of body temp by:
sweating- provides evaporative cooling
vasodilation/vasoconstriction- blood vessels in dermis increase in hyperthermia and decrease in hypothermia |
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Term
| Describe how integument synthesizes vitamin d |
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Definition
| vitamin d is produced fr dehydrocholesterol when UV light hits the skin. |
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Term
| How much sunlight is recommended |
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Definition
| 15-30 min of direct sunlight daily |
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Term
| List at least three functions of the skeletal system |
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Definition
provides support
provides anchors
provides protection
provides a site for storage
provides a site for hemopoiesis
functions in respiration
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Term
| Describe how our skeletal system provides support |
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Definition
| gives the body a rigid framework to resist gravity |
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Term
| Describe how our skeletal system provides anchors |
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Definition
| for muscles attachment- the skeleton is a set of levers that the muscles act on for effective locomotion and body mvmt |
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Term
| Describe how you skeletal skystem provides protection |
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Definition
| eg. skull protects the brain, rib cage protects the heart and lungs |
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Term
| List the three functional types of neurons |
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Definition
sensory neurons
interneurons
motor neurons |
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Term
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Definition
| transmit sensory impulses fr receptors (eg. in eye, ear) to the CNS |
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Term
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Definition
| connect the sensory and motor neurons within the CNS |
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Term
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Definition
transmit impulses fr the CNS to effectors (ie. responders)
eg. muscles, glands |
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Term
| List the levels of a protein structure |
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Definition
Primary structure
Secondary structure
Tertiary structure
Quaternary structure |
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Term
| Describe primary structure |
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Definition
is the amino acid sequence- determined genetically (fr DNA)
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Term
| Describe secondary structure |
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Definition
the strand is randomly twisted or one of the two possible shapes;
alpha helix
or beta pleated sheets |
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Term
| Describe the two possible shapes in the secondary structure of a protein |
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Definition
alpha helix- strand corkscrews
beta pleated sheet- strands bond side to side in folded sheet |
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Term
| Describe tertiary structure |
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Definition
| due to R-group interactions- proteins fold into a complex 3D shape |
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Term
| Describe quaternary structure |
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Definition
complete protein has several strands
eg. insulin has two strands
eg. hemoglobin has four strands |
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Term
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Definition
| disruption of the tertiary and quaternary structure of proteins by things like heat, chemical, pH change, ect. this alters the proteins properties, often leaving it useless esp enzymes |
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Term
| WHat are the 5 primary brain regions |
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Definition
Telencephalon
Diencephalon
Mesencephalon
Metencephalon
Myelencephalon |
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Term
| Describe a function of a major structure in the Telencephalon |
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Definition
| Olfactory Bulbs- these receive and process incoming olfactory impulses to provide sense of smell |
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Term
| Describe a funtion of a major structure in the Diencephalon |
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Definition
| Thalamus- function as a relay center bw the cerebrum and lower brain- also involved in short term memory and also general awareness of tactile stimuli and pain |
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Term
| Describe a function of a major structure in the Mesencephalon |
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Definition
| Red nucleus- connects the cerebellum with the motor cerebrum |
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Term
| Describe a function of a major structure in the Metencephalon |
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Definition
| Superior Peduncle- connect cerebellum with motor cerebrum via red nucles |
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Term
| Describe a function of a major structure in the Myelencephalon |
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Definition
| Cardiac Center- controls HR and contraction strength |
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Term
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Definition
| is the sum of all chemical rxns and processes that occur in the body |
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Term
| list the two metabolic rxns |
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Definition
anabolic rxns
catabolic rxns |
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Term
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Definition
these are synthesis rxns ie.protein or DNA synthesis.
require an energy input, fr ATP
anabolic steroids are chemical regulators that promote the rxns |
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Term
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Definition
| these are breakdown rxns ie. breakdown of nutrients, some of their energy is stored in ATP for later use. they release energy. thryoxine promotes these rns |
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Term
| List the three types of cartilage |
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Definition
hyaline cartilage
Elastic cartilage
Fibrocartilage |
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Term
| Describe hyaline cartilage and give site |
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Definition
has very thin collagen fibers in matix- makes it clear, glassy and brittle.
eg. costal cartilages, nasal septum, larynx and trachea, most fetal skeleton forms first as this |
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Term
| Describe elastic cartilage and give site |
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Definition
has lots of elastin in matrix- makes yellowish and elastic
eg. auriele of ear, epiglottis |
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Term
| Describe fibrocartilage and give site |
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Definition
has thick collagen bundles in the matrix- makes if very tough, resist compression
eg. intervertebral discs, symphysis pubis, mensici of knee |
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