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Brain Parts
Various Parts of the Brain and their definitions
94
Psychology
Undergraduate 3
02/17/2013

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Term
Coronal Section
Definition
A slice through the brain parallel to the forehead
Term
Horizontal Section
Definition
A slice through the brain parallel to the ground
Term
Sagittal Section
Definition
A slice through the brain parallel to the neuraxis and perpendicular to the ground
Term
Midsagittal Section
Definition
The plane through the the neuraxis perpendicular to the ground; divides the brain into two symmetrical halves
Term
Nucleus
Definition
An identifiable group of neural cell bodies in the central nervous system
Term
Sulcus
Definition
A groove in the surface of the cerebral hemisphere, smaller than a fissure
Term
Fissure
Definition
A major groove in the surface of the brain, larger than a sulcus
Term
Gyrus
Definition
a convolution of the cortex of the cerebral hemispheres, separated by sulci or fissures
Term
Gray Matter
Definition
Parts of the brain that contains cell bodies
Term
White Matter
Definition
Parts of the brain that contains large concentrations of myelin and axons
Term
Meninges
Definition
The brain and spinal cords protective covering: 3 layers
Term
Dura Matter
Definition
Outermost of the meninges; tough and flexible
Term
Sub dural hematoma
Definition
blood clot between dura and arachnoid membrane
Term
Arachnoid Membrane
Definition
Middle layer of the meniniges, located between the outer dura matter and the inner pia matter
Term
Arachnoid cysts
Definition
small cerebrospinal fluid filled sacks on the arachnoid membrane
Term
Subaracnoid space
Definition
fluid filled space that cushions the brain; located between the arachnoid membrane and the pia matter
Term
Pia Matter
Definition
Layer of the meninges that clings to the surface of the brain; thin and delicate
Term
Cerebrospinal Fluid
Definition
a clear fluid, similar to blood plasma, that fills the ventricular system of the brain and the subarachnoid space surronding the brain and spinal cord
Term
choroid plexus
Definition
Highly vascular tissue that protrudes into the ventricles and produces cerebrospinal fluid
Term
Ventricle
Definition
One of the hollow space within the brain filled with cerebrospinal fluid
Term
Lateral Ventricle
Definition
One of two ventricles located in the center of the telencephalon
Term
Third Ventricle
Definition
Ventricle located in the center of the diencephalon
Term
Arachnoid granulation
Definition
Small projections of the arachnoid membrane through the dura mater into the superior sagittal sinus; CSF flows through them to be reabsorbed into the blood supply
Term
Forebrain
Definition
Most rostral of the 3 major divisions of the brain
Term
Cerebral Cortex
Definition
Outermost layer of gray matter of the cerebral hemispheres
Term
Frontal Lobe
Definition
Anterior portion of the cerebral cortex, rostral to the parietal lobe and dorsal to the temporal
Term
Parietal Lobe
Definition
Region of the cerebral cortex caudal to the frontal love and dorsal to the temporal lobe
Term
Temporal Lobe
Definition
Region of the cerebral cortex rostral to the occipital love and ventral to the parietal and frontal lobes
Term
Occipital Lobe
Definition
Region of the cerebral cortex caudal to the parietal and temporal lobes
Term
Primary Visual Cortex
Definition
region of the posterior occipital love whose primary input is from the visual system
Term
Primary auditory cortex
Definition
region of the superior temporal love whose primary input is from the auditory system
Term
Primary somatosensory cortex
Definition
regions of the cerebral cortex that recieve information from the regions of the primary sensory cortex
Term
Primary motor cortex
Definition
Region of the posterior frontal lobe that contains neurons that control movements of skeletal muscles
Term
Sensory association cortex
Definition
Regions of the cerebral cortex that recieve information from the regions of the primary sensory cortex
Term
Motor association cortex or premotor cortex
Definition
Region of the frontal lobe rostral to the primary motor cortex
Term
Neocortex
Definition
Phylogenetically newest cortex, including the primary sensory cortex, primary motor cortex, and association cortex
Term
Prefrontal cortex
Definition
region of the frontal lobe rostral to the motor association cortex
Term
Corpus Callosum
Definition
large bundle of axons that interconnect to corresponding regions of the association cortex on each side of the brain
Term
Limbic System
Definition
Group of brain regions including the anterior thalamic nuclei, amygdala, hippocampus, limbic cortex, and parts of the hypothalamus, as well as their interconnecting fiber bundles
Term
Hippocampus
Definition
Forebrain structure of the temporal love, constituting an important part of the limbic system, important for memory
Term
Amygdala
Definition
Structure in the interior of the rostral temporal lobe, containing a set of nuclei
Term
Limbic Cortex
Definition
Phylogenetically old cortex, located at the medial edge of the cerebral hemispheres
Term
Cingulate Gyrus
Definition
A strip of limbic cortex lying along the lateral walls of the groove separating the cerebral hemispheres, just above the corpus callosum
Term
Fornix
Definition
A fiber bundle that connects the hippocampus with other parts of the brain; including the mammillary bodies of the hypothalamus
Term
Mammillary bodies
Definition
A protrusion of the bottom of the brain at the posterior end of the hypothalamus, containing some hypothlamic nuclei
Term
Basal ganglia
Definition
A group of subcortical nuclei in the telencephalon, the caudate nucleus, the globus pallidus, and the putamen
Term
Diencephalon
Definition
region of the forebrain surrounding the third ventricle; includes the thalamus and hypothalamus
Term
Thalamus
Definition
Largest portion of the diencephalon, located above the the hypothalams, contains nuclei that project information specific regions of the cerebral cortex and receive information from it
Term
Lateral geniculate nucleus
Definition
Group of cell bodies within the lateral geniculate body of the thalamus; recieves fibers from the retina and projects fibers to the primary auditory cortex
Term
Medial geniculate nucleus
Definition
Group of cell bodies within the medial geniculate body of the thalamus; recieves fibers from the auditory system and projects fibers to the primary auditory cortex
Term
Hypothalamus
Definition
Group of nuclei of the diencephalon situated beneath the thalamus; involved in regulation of the autonomic nervous system, control of the anterior and posterior pituitary glands and integration of species-typical behaviors
Term
Anterior pituitary gland
Definition
Endocrine gland whose secretions are controlled by the hypothalamic hormones
Term
Posterior Pituitary Gland
Definition
Endocrine gland that contains the hormone secreting terminal buttons of axons whose cell bodies lie within the hypothalamus
Term
Midbrain
Definition
Central of the 3 major divisions of the brain
Term
Mesencephalon
Definition
Subdivision of the midbrain; a region that surronds the cerebral aqueduct; includes the tectum and tegementum
Term
Tectum
Definition
Dorsal part of the midbrain; includes the superior and inferior colliculi
Term
Superior colliculi
Definition
Protrusions on top of the midbrain; part of the visual system
Term
Inferior colliculi
Definition
Protrusions on top of the midbrain; part of the auditory system
Term
Tegmentum
Definition
Ventral part of the midbrain; includes the periaqueductal gray matter, reticular formation, red nucleus, and substantia nigra
Term
Reticular formation
Definition
Large network of neural tissue located in the central region of the brain stem, from the medulla to the diencephalon
Term
Periaqueductal gray matter
Definition
Region of the midbrain surronding the cerebral aqueduct; contains neural circuits involved in species-typical behaviors
Term
Red Nucleus
Definition
Large nucleus of the midbrain that recieves inputs from the cerebellum and motor cortex and sends axons to motor neurons on the spinal cord
Term
Substantia Negra
Definition
Darkly stained region of the tegmentum that contains neurons that communicate with the caudate nucleus and putamen in the basal ganglia
Term
Hindbrain
Definition
Most caudal of the three major divisions of the brain
Term
Cerebellum
Definition
Major part of the brain located dorsal to the pons, containing two cerebellar hemispheres, covered with the cerebellar cortex; an important component of the motor system
Term
Cerebellar cortex
Definition
Cortex that covers the surface of the cerebellum
Term
Deep Cerebellar nuclei
Definition
Nuclei located within the cerebral hemispheres; recieves projections from the cerebellar cortex and send projections out of the cerebellum to other parts of the brain
Term
Cerebellar peduncle
Definition
one of the three bundles of axons that attaches each cerebellar hemisphere to the dorsal pons
Term
Pons
Definition
region of the metencephalon rostral to the medulla, caudal to the midbrain, and ventral to the cerebellum
Term
Medulla oblongata
Definition
Most caudal portion of the brain; located in the myelencephalon, immediatly rostral to the spinal cord
Term
Brain Stem
Definition
the "stem" of the brain, form the medulla to the diencephalon, excluding the cerebellum
Term
Spinal Root
Definition
A bundle of axons surrounded by connective tissue that occurs in pairs, which fuse and form a spinal nerve
Term
Cauda equina
Definition
bundle of spinal roots located caudal to the end of the spinal cord
Term
Caudal block
Definition
anesthesia and paralysis of the lower part of the body produced by injection of a local anesthetic into the csf surronding the cauda equina
Term
Dorsal root
Definition
Spinal root that contains incoming (afferent) sensory fibers
Term
Ventral Root
Definition
spinal root that contains outgoing (efferent) motor fibers
Term
Spinal Nerve
Definition
Peripheral nerve attached to the spinal cord
Term
Afferant axon
Definition
axon directed toward the central nervous system, conveying sensory information
Term
Dorsal root ganglion
Definition
Nodule on a dorsal root that contains cell bodies of afferant spinal nerve neurons
Term
efferent axon
Definition
an axon directed away from the central nervous system, conveying motor commands to muscles and glands
Term
cranial nerve
Definition
peripheral nerve attached directly to the brain
Term
vagus nerve
Definition
largest of the cranial nerves, conveying efferent fibers of the parasympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system to organs of the thoracic and abdominal cavities
Term
olfactory bulb
Definition
protrusion at the end of the olfactory nerve;receives input from the olfactory receptors
Term
somatic nervous system
Definition
part of the peripheral nervous system that control the movement of skeltal muscles or transmits somatosensory information to the CNS
Term
Autonomic nervous system
Definition
Portion of the peripheral nervous system that controls the body's vegetative functions
Term
Sympathetic division
Definition
Portion of the autonomic nervous system that controls functions that accompany arousal and expenditure of energy
Term
sympathetic ganglia
Definition
nodules that contain synapses between preganglionic and postganglionic neurons of the sympathetic nervous system
Term
Sympathetic ganglion chain
Definition
One of a pair of groups of sympathetic ganglia that lie ventrolateral to the vertebral column
Term
Preganglionic Neuron
Definition
Efferent neuron of the autonomic nervous system whose cell body is located in a cranial nerve nucleus or in the intermediate horn of the spinal gray matter and whose terminal buttons synapse upon postganglionic neurons in the autonnomic ganglia
Term
postganglionic neuron
Definition
Neurons of the autonomic nervous system that form synapses directly with their target organ
Term
adrenal medulla
Definition
Inner portion of the adrenal gland,located atop the kidney, controlled by sympathetic nerve fibers; secretes epinephrine and norepinephrine
Term
Parasympathetic division
Definition
Portion of the autonomic nervous system that control functions that occur during a relaxed state
Term
Central Sulcus
Definition
Separates the frontal and parietal lobes
Term
Sylvian Fissure or Lateral Sulcus
Definition
Separates the frontal and the temporal lobe
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